Graphene Oxide Incorporated Strontium Nanoparticles as a Highly Efficient and Green Acid Catalyst for One-Pot Synthesis
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Graphene Oxide Incorporated Strontium Nanoparticles as a Highly Efficient and Green Acid Catalyst for One-Pot Synthesis of Tetramethyl9-aryl-hexahydroxanthenes and 13-Aryl-5H-dibenzo[b,i]xanthene5,7,12,14(13H)-tetraones Under Solvent-Free Conditions Seyyed Rasul Mousavi1 · Hamid Rashidi Nodeh2 · Elham Zamiri Afshari3 · Alireza Foroumadi1 Received: 15 November 2018 / Accepted: 13 January 2019 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract An efficient, inexpensive and recyclable graphene oxide/strontium nanocatalyst was synthesized and applied in a pseudo three-component, one-pot cyclocondensation of aromatic aldehydes and dimedone/lowson to afford the corresponding 3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-9-aryl-3,4,5,6,7,9-hexahydro-1H-xanthene-1,8(2H)-diones and 13-aryl-5H-dibenzo[b,i]xanthene5,7,12,14(13H)-tetraones in high yields under solvent-free conditions. To the best of our knowledge, there are no literature reports on applying graphene oxide/strontium as a nanocatalyst for xanthene derivatives synthesis. The key potential benefits of the present method are including high yields, short reaction time, easy workup, recyclability of catalyst and ability to tolerate a variety of functional groups which gives economical as well as ecological rewards. The nanocatalyst easily separated from the reaction mixture easily by applying an external magnet and reused at least six times without noticeable degradation in catalytic activity. Graphical Abstract
Keywords Xanthene · Lowson · Heterogeneous catalyst · Reusable catalyst · Graphene oxide · One-pot · Magnetic nanocatalyst
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1 Introduction In recent years, green chemistry has become a major driving force for organic chemists to develop environmentally benign to a myriad of materials [1]. The development of cleaner technologies is a major subject in green chemistry [2]. Green chemistry concerns the design of environmentally friendly products and chemical processes while minimizing the usage and generation of hazardous substances. Organic solvents are a key factor in environmental pollution and many are carcinogenic and toxic making reactions which do not require the use of organic solvents desirable. Water is an alternative solvent for many chemical reactions, possessing desirable properties such as ready availability, chemical stability, nontoxicity, recyclability and easy handling [3–5]. Moreover, performing of organic reactions under solvent-free conditions is another strategy to avoid the use of hazardous organic solvents [6–8]. On the other hand, one of the arms of green chemistry is the use of heterogeneous green catalysts. In the last decade, the synthesis and application of nanoparticles as heterogeneous catalysts with different shapes and sizes have been developed. The catalytic activity of a heterogeneous catalyst is mainly determined by its morphology and particle size. The catalytic activity can be improved by reducing the particle size to nanomete
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