Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Citrus sinensis extract
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Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Citrus sinensis extract P. A. Luque1 · C. A. Soto‑Robles1 · O. Nava1 · C. M. Gomez‑Gutierrez1 · A. Castro‑Beltran2 · H. E. Garrafa‑Galvez2 · A. R. Vilchis‑Nestor3 · A. Olivas4 Received: 27 January 2018 / Accepted: 29 March 2018 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract This work addresses a low cost, non-toxic green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared using different amounts of Citrus sinensis extract. The zinc oxide nanoparticles presented the Zn–O bond at 618 cm −1, a crystalline growth in a purely hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure, and different size and shape homogeneity depending on the amount of extract used. The band gap of the ZnO was at around 2.91 eV for all samples. The photocatalytic degradation studies were carried out using methylene blue with the zinc oxide nanoparticles under UV light; where sample M2 presented a degradation of around 83% at 120 min. These results presented a better degradation rate than commercially available zinc oxide nanoparticles.
1 Introduction Presently, industrial waste dyes represent one of the main problems of water contamination; therefore, their disposal before discharge has become a priority [1]. Wastewater treatments with photocatalysts are an ecological and inexpensive method, and represent a good alternative to solve this problem [2]. In recent years, interest has increased in the catalytic oxidation of organic waste using different metal oxide nanoparticles, such as MgO [3], CuO and ZnO [4]. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is considered one of the best photocatalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants due to its high photosensitivity and non-toxic nature [5–7]. It is also one of the most used n-type semiconducting metal oxides due to its characteristic band gap of 3.37 eV in bulk form and its excitation energy of 60 meV [8]. Due to the research boom of material biosynthesis in recent years, several biological * P. A. Luque [email protected] 1
Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño-Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, B.C., Mexico
2
Facultad de Ingeniería Mochis, UAS, C.P. 81223 Los Mochis, S.I.N., Mexico
3
Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM, Toluca, M.E.X., Mexico
4
Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, UNAM, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, B.C., Mexico
processes have been proposed for the synthesis of ZnO using bacteria, fungi, algae and plants as alternatives to physical and chemical methods, which are dangerous and costly, with the purpose of reducing the use of toxic materials, thus obtaining greater ecological and economic benefits [9]. Some biological sources used for ZnO biosynthesis with photocatalytic applications are: Carica papaya [10], Eucalyptus globulus [11], Corymbia citriodora [12], Nephelium lappaceum L [13]. Lycopersicon esculentum [14], among others. The aqueous extract of the orange peel (Citrus sinensis) contains a high amount of phenolic compounds and flavonoids [15, 16], which
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