Green ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for desulphurization, denitrification, biomass, biodiesel, bioethanol and
- PDF / 1,418,727 Bytes
- 23 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 25 Downloads / 219 Views
REVIEW
Green ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for desulphurization, denitrification, biomass, biodiesel, bioethanol and hydrogen fuels: a review Rajagopal Malolan1 · Kannappan Panchamoorthy Gopinath1 · Dai‑Viet N. Vo2 · Ramesh Sai Jayaraman1 · Srikanth Adithya1 · Pattabhiraman Srinivaasan Ajay1 · Jayaseelan Arun3 Received: 12 September 2020 / Accepted: 5 October 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The fossil fuel industry faces issues of atmospheric pollution by sulphur and nitrogen compounds, and emerging competition from electricity, solar, wind and hydrogen sectors. As a consequence, green solvents such as ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents have been recently developed for alternative fuel purification. Deep eutectic solvents are usually more efficient and better biodegradable, whereas ionic liquids display qualities for safety and optimization. Some ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents allow a 100% removal efficiency of sulphur and nitrogen compounds from petroleum. Biodiesel yields up to 98.1% are reached using green solvents. Pretreatment of biomass with green solvents has been found to increase by 50% the bioethanol yield. Keywords Green solvents · Fuel processing · Biofuels · Desulphurization · Denitrification · Fuel cells Abbreviations ChCl Choline chloride CO2 Carbon dioxide SOx Sulphur oxides NOx Nitrogen oxides PM Particulate matter VOCs Volatile organic compounds ILs Ionic liquids HF Hydrogen fluoride HCl Hydrochloric acid DESs Deep eutectic solvents HBDs Hydrogen bond donors HBAs Hydrogen bond acceptors * Kannappan Panchamoorthy Gopinath [email protected] 1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603110, India
2
Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Vietnam
3
Center for Waste Management‑‘International Research Centre’, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar (OMR), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 119, India
N2O Nitrous oxide FeCl3 Ferric chloride [BMI][N(CN)2]) 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide [EMI][N(CN)2] 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide Emim 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Bmim 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Hmim 1-Methyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride OMIM 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate NMMO N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide OAc Acetate group BPY Butylpyridinium bromide p-TsOH p-Toluene sulphonic acid COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease EG-TBAB Ethylene glycol-tetra butyl ammonium bromide FAME Fatty acid methyl esters MTBE Methyl ter-butyl ether AFEX Ammonia fibre explosion NADES Natural deep eutectic solvents [TEA][PS·BF4] Triethylammonium-propanesulphonic acid tetrafluoroborate
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
PEFCs Polymer electrolyte fuel cells [dema][TfO] Diethylmethylammonium trifluoromethanesulphonate
Introduction Non-renewable energy sources pose two major cha
Data Loading...
