Large-scale and green production of multi-layer graphene in deep eutectic solvents
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Large-scale and green production of multi-layer graphene in deep eutectic solvents Bo Yang1, Shuanghong Zhang1,* Wenshi Ma2
, Jing Lv2, Shuang Li1, Yangyang Shi2, Dechao Hu2, and
1
Guangzhou Special Pressure Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, 9 Keyan Road, Guangzhou 510663, People’s Republic of China 2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
Received: 3 February 2020
ABSTRACT
Accepted: 30 August 2020
To promote the industrial applications of graphene, it is crucial to develop a low-cost, green, and efficient production method. A practical and eco-friendly deep eutectic solvent-assisted ball milling technique was developed to prepare multi-layer graphene in this study. The expanded graphite was used as raw material, and the deep eutectic solvent was prepared by mixing urea and choline chloride. The obtained graphene was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. After ball milling for 48 h, most of the graphite particles could be exfoliated into graphene sheets, and no new covalent bond or interaction was formed. Multi-layer graphene in N-methylpyrrolidone had better dispersibility and larger layers than that in N,N-dimethylformamide. The obtained multi-layer graphene exhibited few defects, high crystal integrity, 11–12 layers, 2–5 lm size at the lateral dimension, and superior thermal stability. This technique of low-energy ball milling in the nontoxic deep eutectic solvents provides a new idea for the efficient exfoliation of multi-layer graphene and also a certain reference value for the exfoliation of other two-dimensional nanosheets.
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Springer Science+Business
Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Handling Editor: Yaroslava Yingling.
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05209-x
J Mater Sci
Introduction Graphene is a strictly two-dimensional nanomaterial with hexagonal honeycomb structure. Because of its unique properties such as super thermal conductivity [5], excellent room temperature electron mobility [6], and highly inherent mechanical properties [7], graphene has been extensively used in sensors [1], supercapacitors [2], energy storages [3], advanced composites [4], and other fields. Currently, the production method of graphene could be mainly divided into the bottom-up formation method and the topdown peeling method. However, the bottom-up methods including chemical vapor deposition and epitaxial growth [8] are costly, which inevitably limit the commercial application of graphene in many industrial fields. The top-down methods of mechanical stripping [9], electrochemical method [10–12], and redox method [13, 14] could realize the largescale production of graphene with low cost; however, the prepared graphene usually cont
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