Grid Integration Limits for Fixed-Speed Wind Turbines with Induction Generators
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Grid Integration Limits for Fixed-Speed Wind Turbines with Induction Generators Marcos G. Zanchettin · Romeu Reginatto
Received: 22 October 2012 / Revised: 18 March 2013 / Accepted: 12 August 2013 / Published online: 6 September 2013 © Brazilian Society for Automatics–SBA 2013
Abstract Several factors limit the amount of wind power that can be connected to the power system. In this paper, local area aspects are analyzed in the way and amount they impact on the wind power integration level, i.e., the wind farm rated power relative to the short-circuit power of the grid connecting point. The analysis is presented for wind farms equipped with squirrel-cage induction generator fixed speed wind turbines, considering the effect of reactive power compensation. Four interconnection requirements, related to local area operating characteristics of the power system, are analyzed: the steady-state voltage variation; the power margin; the lowvoltage ride-through capability; and transient stability. The maximum integration level is first determined as limited by each individual interconnection requirement. Then, the maximum integration level complying with all interconnection requirements is determined. Results show that a wind farm with rated power up to 5.5–6.3 % of the short-circuit power, depending on the reactive power compensation, can be connected to a given grid point while respecting more recent grid codes. Keywords Wind power generation · Grid integration · Transient stability · Fixed-speed wind turbines · Induction generator
M. G. Zanchettin · R. Reginatto (B) Centro de Engenharias e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Av. Tarquínio Joslin dos Santos 1300, Foz do Iguaçu, PR 85870-650, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] M. G. Zanchettin e-mail: [email protected]
1 Introduction Wind energy integration into the power system is continuously growing. Penetration levels of 20–30 % have been reached in certain regions in Europe (Soder et al. 2007) and this continuous growth has demanded for advancements in several directions in order to guarantee a safe interconnection of wind energy in the network. For the connection of wind farms to the network, transmission and distribution network companies specify particular technical regulations, according to their local and/or regional network characteristics, wind penetration levels, and company policies. A comparison of several European technical regulations can be found in Matevosyan et al. (2005) and Ackermann (2005). While grid codes typically specify requirements that wind farms have to meet in order for the grid connection to be approved, the exact influence these requirements have on the amount of wind power that can be connected to the given grid point still needs further investigations. Squirrel-cage induction generators are not used only in wind generation systems and its impact on the network performance has been analyzed, for instance, in Freitas et al. (2005). In wind energy systems, they are employed in fixed-speed wind turbine
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