Groundwater beneath the urban area of Khan Younis City, southern Gaza Strip (Palestine): assessment for multi-domestic p
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Groundwater beneath the urban area of Khan Younis City, southern Gaza Strip (Palestine): assessment for multi-domestic purposes Mohd S. Abu Jabal 1,2 & Ismail Abustan 1,3 & Mohd Remy Rozaimy 1 & Hussam El Najar 4
Received: 7 April 2016 / Accepted: 19 May 2017 / Published online: 13 June 2017 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2017
Abstract The present study research investigation is aimed to assess the groundwater quality for the urban area in Khan Younis City, southern Gaza Strip, for multi-domestic purposes. The physicochemical analysis of the groundwater wells shows the major ions in the order of Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > B3+ > K+ and Cl− > HCO3− > SO42− > NO32− > F− > PO43−. Groundwater quality is classified as very hard-brackish water type. Ninety-five percent of the wells are classified as saline water type with high NO32− concentrations. Based on water quality index (WQI), the groundwater falls into one of three categories: fair water (10%), poor water (15%), very poor (45%), and worst (30%). The high WQI values are because of high Na+, Cl−, SO42−, and NO32− concentrations, while synthetic pollution index (SPI) values indicate that most about 80% of the wells are seriously polluted. Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) indicates that most of data are either slightly scale forming or corrosive water or slightly corrosive but non-scale forming, and 75% of the wells are suitable for construction purposes (have SO 42− concentrations ±10%, the analysis is questionable (Xiao et al. 2014). The TZ+ values vary from 18.04 to 66.49 meq/L, with a mean value of 43.58 meq/L and the TZ− values vary from 16.91 to 60.59 meq/L with amean valueof43.71 meq/L.The NICBvalues for all samples are < ±10%, and most of them (83%) have NICB values < ±5%. This NICB results indicate the accuracy of our analytical results and data.
SPI ¼ ∑ni¼i
Water quality indices estimation
LSI ¼ pH−pHS
Water quality index Water quality index(WQI)wasobtainedby weight arithmetic index method proposed by Tiwari and Mishra (1985). This method proposed four steps for the calculation of the WQI. The first step of calculation assigned for ionic each quality parameter a relative weight (Wi) the sum of the weights is ≅ to 1. The weight (Wi) is calculated according the following Eq. 2:
pH = The measured (actual) pH of the water; pHS = pH at which water is saturated with CaCO3 at measured Ca2+ and HCO3− values. pHS is known as the pH of saturation (theoretical value in which CaCO3 will neither be dissolved into nor precipitated from water). The pHs value approximated according the following Eq. 10 (Faust and Aly 1998).
Wi ¼
K Cs
ð2Þ
Where Cs is the recommended WHO (2011) standard value for ith quality parameter (ion) and K is proportionality constant. K values were determined using the following formula of Eq. 3: K¼
1 ∑ð1=Cs Þ
ð3Þ
was expressed using Eq. 2 and Eq. 3 above, as shown in the following Eq. 8: Ci * Wi Cs
ð8Þ
Langmelier Saturation Index LSI is dimensionless parameter and mathematically defined as shown in Eq. 9 (Langelier 1936):
pH
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