Spatial assessment of major ion geochemistry in the groundwater around Suryapet Region, Southern Telangana, India
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Spatial assessment of major ion geochemistry in the groundwater around Suryapet Region, Southern Telangana, India Shankaraiah Katla1 · Sakram Gugulothu2 · Ratnakar Dhakate2 Received: 24 July 2019 / Revised: 3 November 2020 / Accepted: 4 November 2020 © Society for Environmental Sustainability 2020
Abstract Twenty-two groundwater samples were picked up from the bore wells during the pre and post-monsoon seasons in and around the Suryapet region of the southern Telangana State, India. The samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrates ( NO3−), sulfates (SO42−), carbonates ( CO3−), bicarbonates ( HCO3−), total hardness (TH), calcium ( Ca2+), magnesium ( Mg2+), chloride ( Cl−), sodium ( Na+), potassium ( K+) and fluoride ( F−) to study the geochemistry of groundwater available in that region. EC concentration ranges from 570–5200 µS/cm and 640–4800 µS/cm with an average value of 2238.64 µS/cm and 1981.8 µS/cm for pre and post-monsoon seasons respectively. Wilcox classification indicates that the groundwater samples of pre and post-monsoon times showed low sodium hazard (S1–C1) as of 86% and 91% respectively, and moderate to high in salinity risk (C2–C3) for maximum samples. Piper trilinear plot was made to detect hydro-chemical facies by utilizing major anions and cations concentrations. Maximum of the samples belong to Ca2+–Mg2+–Cl−–SO42− and Na+–Cl−–SO42− hydro-chemical facies. Besides this, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was carried out to understand the geochemistry of groundwater. The quality of the groundwater system is of high apprehension as potable water desires to have sustainable mineral content. Keywords Major ions · Hydrochemical facies · Groundwater · Piper plot · Wilcox diagram
Introduction Global water resources are influenced by various factors such as natural cycles, anthropogenic activities in urban as well as rural areas, and technological advances in the water utilization processes (Bhatnagar et al. 2016; Pant et al. 2018; Qu et al. 2020). Human population explosion and rapid climate changes in recent years have further put a strain on the availability of water across the globe (Wolf et al. 2006; Reddy et al. 2014). Such a situation has increased the demand for water supply which cannot be fulfilled with the groundwater resources alone (Shankariah et al. 2017; Rehman et al. 2018; Tripathee et al. 2020a). The aquifers from urban regions are always under stress given the threefold demand of domestic, irrigation, and * Shankaraiah Katla [email protected] 1
Department of Applied Geochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India
2
industrial requirements. Such a situation demands high rates of groundwater utilization and hence compromises the quality of water (Dixit et al. 2005; Sreedhar et al. 2018). The overuse of aquifers, for agriculture and industrial purposes in rural areas, without proper recharge practices ov
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