Groundwater Management Based on Vulnerability to Contamination in the Tropical Karst Region of Guntur Spring, Gunungsewu
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Groundwater Management Based on Vulnerability to Contamination in the Tropical Karst Region of Guntur Spring, Gunungsewu Karst, Java Island, Indonesia Indra Agus Riyanto 1 & M. Widyastuti 1 & Ahmad Cahyadi 1 & Romza Fauzan Agniy 1 & Tjahyo Nugroho Adji 1 Received: 6 April 2020 / Accepted: 27 August 2020/ # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the most suitable groundwater vulnerability method and formulate karst groundwater vulnerability management based on the distribution of the resulting vulnerability class. The most suitable groundwater vulnerability method was selected with a tracer test as well as by analysing its compatibility with the conditions of the study site, distribution of the vulnerability classes, spatial autocorrelation and comparison with other studies. The study was conducted on Guntur Spring, which is one of the tropical karst springs located in the western region of Gunungsewu Karst, Java Island, Indonesia. This perennial spring is used by approximately 1,000 people. This spring has the potential to be polluted due to the characteristics of the catchment area, which typify the connectivity between the surface and subsurface flow systems. The management of the Guntur Spring catchment was based on the distribution of vulnerability classes that are also adapted to the geomorphological, hydrogeological and land-use conditions. The analysis showed that EPIK is the most suitable method compared with COP, PI and PaPRIKa. The recommended management of the karst groundwater vulnerability included: (1) creating a protective structure at swallow holes; (2) reforestation and erosion management of thin soils on the crest of the karst hill; (3) addition of multilayer vegetation coverage to the upper, middle and bottom layers of the cockpit karst; (4) land-use and fertiliser limitations in the karst valley; and (5) restrictions on land use that produces pollutants around the lineaments, underground rivers and recharge points. Keywords Tropical karst . Karst aquifer vulnerability . Karst water management
* Tjahyo Nugroho Adji [email protected]
1
Karst Research Group, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
I. A. Riyanto et al.
1 Introduction People around the world mostly use the water resources in karst areas as their primary sources of water (Ford and Williams 2007; Goldscheider 2005; Vías et al. 2006). However, karstic water resources are easily polluted because of their aquifer, which typically has the characteristic of a connection between the surface and subsurface in the form of pits, sinking streams, karst windows, karren and shafts that allow pollutants to enter quickly into the aquifer system (Goldscheider and Drew 2007; Kavouri et al. 2011; Li et al. 2016; Vías et al. 2010). This condition has consequences for the management of water resources that must be specified under the karst environmental conditions to reduce the risk of pollution (Ravbar 2007; Vrba and Zaporozec 1994). Furthermore, Klimchouk (2015) and
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