Hydrogeochemical characteristics of karst groundwater in Jinci spring area, north China
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Hydrogeochemical characteristics of karst groundwater in Jinci spring area, north China Shuaishuai Lu1 · Junfeng Chen1 · Xiuqing Zheng1 · Yongping Liang2 · Zhenxing Jia3 · Xuqiang Li1 Accepted: 26 May 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Integration of the information from hydrochemical data, statistical analysis and modeling technique is crucial for extending our knowledge of hydrochemistry of karst aquifers. In this paper, conventional graphical methods, statistical analysis and PHREEQC inverse modeling were used to investigate the hydrogeochemical characteristics and evolution processes of karst groundwater in Jinci spring area. The results showed that the dominant hydrochemical types of karst groundwater determined by Piper diagram were Ca·Mg–SO4·HCO3, Ca·Mg–SO4, Ca–SO4, Ca–SO4·HCO3 and Ca–HCO3, and the main components of karst groundwater were dominated by rock–water interactions based on statistical analysis. Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3− originated mainly from the dissolution of calcite and dolomite; S O42− came mostly from gypsum dissolution and pyrite oxidation; and + − the source of Na and C l could either be major from halite dissolution or cation exchange. Moreover, PHREEQC inverse modeling indicated that calcite, gypsum and C O2 (g) were dissolved, and Ca–Mg exchange prevailed along the flow path (from recharge area to runoff area); the dissolution of gypsum, dolomite and CO2 (g), and halite precipitation, and Na–Mg and Ca–Mg exchange occurred along runoff area to discharge area; and there were the dissolution of carbonate, gypsum, halite and CO2 (g), Na–Mg and Ca–Mg exchange from deep buried area to discharge area. Keywords Hydrogeochemical characteristics · Statistical analysis · PHREEQC inverse modeling · Rock–water interactions · Karst groundwater · Jinci spring area
Introduction Shuaishuai Lu and Junfeng Chen contributed equally to this work. * Xiuqing Zheng [email protected] Shuaishuai Lu [email protected] Junfeng Chen [email protected] Yongping Liang [email protected] Zhenxing Jia [email protected] Xuqiang Li [email protected] 1
College of Water Resources Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
2
Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Guilin 541004, China
3
Shanxi Institute of Water Resources, Taiyuan 030001, China
Karst groundwater is the major source of water supply in the semi-arid region in north China due to better quality and stable quantity (Zheng et al. 2018). The hydrochemical evolution processes of groundwater are complicated and there are many influencing factors such as hydrometeorology (Long and Saleem 1974; Hanshaw and Back 1979, 1985), topography (Yang et al. 2017), geology (Cowell and Ford 1980), hydrodynamic conditions (Scanlon and Thrailkill 1987) and anthropogenic activities (López-Chicano et al. 2001; Varol and Davraz 2015). Furthermore, rock–water interactions (Scanlon 1990, 2010), cation exchange (Rao et a
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