Growth and antioxidant responses in plants induced by heavy metals present in fly ash
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REVIEW PAPER
Growth and antioxidant responses in plants induced by heavy metals present in fly ash Ayushi Varshney1 • Sumedha Mohan1 • Praveen Dahiya1 1
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Gautam Buddha Nagar, Sector-125, Noida 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India
Received: 1 July 2020 / Revised: 29 August 2020 / Accepted: 9 September 2020 Ó The Joint Center on Global Change and Earth System Science of the University of Maryland and Beijing Normal University 2020
Abstract Fly ash (FA) is a solid waste generated from coal combustion processes every year from thermal power plant. FA was considered as a problem for the environment, but also proves to be beneficial for the agricultural crops. This review begins with the utilization of FA as a soil ameliorant, its role in enhancing the plant growth and impact of elemental uptake from FA on plant growth. FA improves the physical, chemical and biological property of the soil which thereby enhances the crop productivity. Then, it focusses on phytotoxicity of various heavy metals in plants such as chromium, arsenic, lead, zinc, etc., followed by analyzing the defense mechanism of the plants against these heavy metal stresses which is due to the presence of toxic heavy metals present in FA resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species which further causes oxidative stress. Finally, the review analyzes the influence of heavy metals on the antioxidative system of various plant species which helps in understanding the usage of optimum concentration of FA amendment in the soil for plant cultivation and to further explore the key features regulating the heavy metal damage and utilization of FA in agriculture. Keywords Anti-oxidation system Fly ash Heavy metal stress Plant growth Plant defense mechanism Reactive oxygen species Oxidative stress
& Praveen Dahiya [email protected] Ayushi Varshney [email protected] Sumedha Mohan [email protected]
1 Introduction Fly ash (FA) is an inorganic waste produced in huge quantity after coal combustion from thermal power plants across the world. It is found to be a challenging waste material to deal with as it is produced in million tonnes, and it occupies large land area and is constantly creating a threat to the environment. According to the CEA (Central Electricity Authority) (2018), in India FA amounting to 169.25 million tonnes was produced in the year 2016–2017 out of which only 107.1 million tonnes was utilized (Yadav and Fulekar 2018). FA contains low content of nitrogen, phosphorus and medium to higher level of heavy metals like Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, etc. (Tiwari et al. 2008). The pH of FA ranged between 4.5 and 12.0 depending upon the type of coal utilized. It also provides macro- and micronutrients to the soil thus used as soil amendment to improve the physicochemical characteristics. Due to overproduction and less utilization, it is disposed in the landfills, ash ponds, lagoons and FA basins using wet or dry techniques and will ultimately have adverse effect on the soil, e
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