Heavy Metals in Raw Milk and Dietary Exposure Assessment in the Vicinity of Leather-Processing Plants
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Heavy Metals in Raw Milk and Dietary Exposure Assessment in the Vicinity of Leather-Processing Plants Chuanyou Su 1,2 & Huimin Liu 1 & Xueyin Qu 3 & Xuewei Zhou 1 & Yanan Gao 1 & Hongjian Yang 2 & Nan Zheng 1 & Jiaqi Wang 1 Received: 29 September 2020 / Accepted: 2 November 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the contamination levels of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd) in raw milk and the subsequent potential health risk to local consumers close to leather-processing plants in China. The As and Pb concentrations in milk from contaminated areas were 0.43 ± 0.21 and 2.86 ± 0.96 μg/L, respectively, which were significantly higher than in milk from unpolluted farm, with values of 0.20 ± 0.05 and 2.32 ± 0.78 μg/L, respectively. The Cr and Cd levels in milk from contaminated areas were 1.21 ± 1.57 and 0.15 ± 0.04 μg/L, respectively, which were slightly higher than in milk from unpolluted farm, with values of 0.87 ± 0.61 and 0.13 ± 0.04 μg/L, respectively, (P > 0.05). Target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) values for As, Pb, Cr, and Cd from milk consumption were calculated for individuals aged 3 to 69. The THQ followed a descending order of As > Pb > Cr > Cd, with values of 0.0066–0.0441, 0.0033–0.0220, 0.0019–0.0124, and 0.0007– 0.0046, respectively. The HI values (0.0124–0.0832) were far below the threshold of 1. Keywords Heavy metals . Arsenic . Lead . Risk assessment . Leather-processing plants . China
Introduction Food safety is a significant concern, with food items being a major source of human exposure to environmental contaminants [1]. Heavy metals are one of the most concerning groups of pollutants due to their persistent toxicity and the potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain. Arsenic (As), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd) are toxic in humans and animals. They have genotoxic, carcinogenic, and nephrotoxic properties, as well as causing oxidative stress [2–5]. In the USA, considering the toxicity, occurrence, and potential for human exposure, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) established
Chuanyou Su and Huimin Liu contributed equally to the work. * Jiaqi Wang [email protected] 1
Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
2
College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China
3
Tianjin Mengde Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300400, China
the substance priority list. The ATSDR established As, Pb, Cd, and Cr as the 1st, 2nd, 7th, and 17th priority food contaminants [6]. Milk is an extremely complex food item that is an energy source and provides important nutrients (fats, high-quality proteins, etc.) [7], especially for children [8]. China has set the maximum levels (MLs) of As, Cr, and Pb at 0.1, 0.3, and 0.05 mg/kg for raw milk, respectively [9]. The he
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