Growth and pigment accumulation in nutrient-depleted Isochrysis aff. galbana T-ISO
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Growth and pigment accumulation in nutrient-depleted Isochrysis aff. galbana T-ISO Kim J. M. Mulders & Yannick Weesepoel & Packo P. Lamers & Jean-Paul Vincken & Dirk E. Martens & René H. Wijffels
Received: 4 September 2012 / Revised and accepted: 22 November 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012
Abstract The effect of three different nutrient depletions (nitrogen, sulphur and magnesium) on the growth and pigment accumulation of the haptophyte Isochrysis aff. galbana (clone T-ISO) has been studied. Pigments were quantified based on RP-UHPLC-PDA-MSn analysis. All nutrient depletions led to reduced maximal biomass concentrations. Besides, all nutrient-depleted cultures accumulated 3-hydroxyechinenone. To our knowledge, this is the first time that 3-hydroxyechinenone has been found in I. aff. K. J. M. Mulders : P. P. Lamers : D. E. Martens : R. H. Wijffels Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands P. P. Lamers e-mail: [email protected] D. E. Martens e-mail: [email protected] R. H. Wijffels e-mail: [email protected] Y. Weesepoel : J.-P. Vincken Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands Y. Weesepoel e-mail: [email protected] J.-P. Vincken e-mail: [email protected] K. J. M. Mulders : Y. Weesepoel FeyeCon Development & Implementation, Rijnkade 17a, 1382 GS, Weesp, The Netherlands K. J. M. Mulders (*) Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD, Wageningen, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected]
galbana T-ISO. Most 3-hydroxyechinenone, as well as the most echinenone and diatoxanthin, were found in the nitrogen-limited culture in which a more severe limitation resulted in higher cellular contents. Similar to accumulation of diatoxanthin, accumulation of 3-hydroxyechinenone and echinenone may be part of a global (stress) response mechanism to oversaturating light conditions. Keywords Isochrysis aff. galbana T-ISO . Carotenoids . Nutrient depletion . Metabolism . Echinenone . 3-Hydroxyechinenone
Introduction Carotenoids such as fucoxanthin and astaxanthin derived from microalgae or plants have received much attention due to their potential health benefits (Nishino et al. 2002; Vilchez et al. 2011). For example, in animals, these pigments are reported to have anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anticancer and anti-oxidative activity (Lemoine and Schoefs 2010; Maeda et al. 2008; Miyashita et al. 2011). Naturally occurring carotenoids can be obtained from algae and higher plants. Microalgae possess a wide range of carotenoids in concentrations that can considerably exceed the concentrations found in higher plants. Besides, microalgae can be cultivated at a higher photosynthetic efficiency and higher growth rates than plants (Lamers et al. 2008; Wright and Jeffery 2006). Together, this makes microalgae an interesting source of natural carotenoids. When microalgae grow under optimal growth conditions, thes
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