Growth and reproduction of Donax trunculus from the Gulf of Annaba (Northeast Algeria) in relation to environmental cond
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Growth and reproduction of Donax trunculus from the Gulf of Annaba (Northeast Algeria) in relation to environmental conditions Amel Hamdani 1 & Noureddine Soltani 1 & Nedjoua Zaidi 2 Received: 17 April 2020 / Accepted: 10 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study was aimed to evaluate the physiological reproductive end points (sex ratio, gametogenic cycle) and biological indices (condition index, length–weight relationship) in D. trunculus collected monthly over the year 2016, from two sites of the Gulf of Annaba (Northeast Algeria): El Battah (relatively unpolluted site) and Sidi Salem (polluted site). The results showed that gametogenesis takes place from December to August in both sites, with an autumnal resting phase. Also, the spawning occurred between March and August with two major spawning phases: April and August in El Battah vs May and August in Sidi Salem. The condition index showed a significant decrease in Sidi Salem site and positive correlation with gonad index. Moreover, the sites exert a significant effect on the allometric relationship and no significant effect on sex ratio. The observed reproductive events are discussed with the changes in the biological indices and the levels of pollution in the studied sites. Keywords Donax trunculus . Gulf of Annaba . Biological indices . Sex ratio . Gametogenic cycle . Pollution
Introduction Marine ecosystems exhibit a high susceptibility to pollution due to increased anthropogenic activities (Chandurvelan et al. 2015). Thereby, various complex mixtures of contaminants found in these zones are often the principal factors causing degradation of water quality (Blaise et al. 2016). Metallic pollution is relevant to the Algerian coast (Guendouzia et al. Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Amel Hamdani [email protected]; [email protected] Noureddine Soltani [email protected] Nedjoua Zaidi [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Badji Mokhtar University, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
2
Laboratory for the Optimization of Agricultural in Subhumid Areas, Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Skikda, 21000 Skikda, Algeria
2020). The Annaba city is a major economic coastal zone in eastern Algeria. It contains particularly a harbor and several industrial factories like the steel complex of El Hadjar (Sider) or the fertilizer phosphate factory (Fertial) (Maas et al. 2010; Larba and Soltani 2014; Ouali et al. 2018; Douafer et al. 2020). The Gulf of Annaba is continuously affected by various contaminants from urban, agricultural, harbor, and industrial activities (Khelifi-Touhami et al. 2006; Belabed et al. 2017), notably by heavy metals (Abdennour et al. 2000; Belabed et al. 2013; Rabei et al. 2018: Guendouzia et al. 2020). Heavy metals were detected in tissues from D. trunculus (Beldi et al. 2006) and in sediments from the Gulf of Annaba (Amira et al. 2018). The heavy
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