Growth, yield and element-analysis of rice ( Oryza sativa L.), grown in soil amended with fly ash and municipal biosolid
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Growth, yield and element‑analysis of rice (Oryza sativa L.), grown in soil amended with fly ash and municipal biosolids Chita Ranjan Sahoo1 · Rajani Kanta Sahu2 · Rabindra Nath Padhy1,2 Received: 9 April 2020 / Revised: 16 September 2020 / Accepted: 28 September 2020 © The International Society of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering 2020
Abstract Rice was grown in soil co-amended with coal fly ash (FA) with municipal biosolids (MBS) to study the accumulation of heavy metal (HM) in rice seeds from FA with the co-amendment of MBS. Element-analyses of soil samples, plant-roots and seeds revealed the accumulation of HMs, Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Cu and Pb proportionate to the FA doses. For ascertaining some suitable amendment-doses for maximal grain yield with the least accumulation of HMs, principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out with data from three rabi (winter) seasons. With PCA, the variance of performance of FA and MBS together was obtained, 87.25%. It could be concluded that the double amendment levels up to 10 Mg ha−1 FA + 7.5 Mg ha−1 MBS would be the desirable on soil with the accumulation of Pb12 ppb; nonetheless, the toxicity from other HMs was noted at the level 12 mg Mg−1 in rice grains. Keywords Fly ash · Municipal biosolids · Rice · Element contents · PCA
Introduction Since croplands are over-used in intensive commercial agriculture with hybrid crop varieties, constant supplements for soil fertilization are required for a cost-effective yield, as well as keeping ideality of soil health. Application of chemical fertilizers alters soil toward alkaline by the elimination of useful soil-organisms, with the eventual disturbance in the ‘healthy soil food-web,’ as paddy grows well in slightly acidic pH (Bitew and Alemayehu 2017). Furthermore, consistent applications of synthetic nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium fertilizers interfere with ion exchanges between soil and plants via pH changes (McCauley et al. 2009), with consequent increases in the quantity of negative charges causing the retention of NH4, K, Ca, Mg, Zn and Cu and other cations and toxic ions too (Hodges 2010). On the contrary in acidic soils, several macronutrients leach out with the excess running water; for example, K and N H4 leach out * Rabindra Nath Padhy [email protected] 1
Central Research Laboratory, IMS & Sum Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
Department of Botany, B. J. B. Autonomous College, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751014, India
2
before other divalent secondary nutrient-cations, Ca and Mg. Particularly in acidic soils, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) gets lowered, resulting in the replacement of K by Na that eventually increases the sodic nature of soil (Goulding 2016); from influx of chemical fertilizers, soil CEC heavily gets affected. Obviously, soils with compost possess enough organic acids that help retain cations in desirable/healthy combinations (Eckert and Ogawa 1988; Howardn et al. 1994; Hodes 2010; Hodges 2010). Fly ash (FA), a coal
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