Gut Microbiota of Five Sympatrically Farmed Marine Fish Species in the Aegean Sea
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Gut Microbiota of Five Sympatrically Farmed Marine Fish Species in the Aegean Sea Eleni Nikouli 1 & Alexandra Meziti 1 & Evangelia Smeti 2 & Efthimia Antonopoulou 3 & Eleni Mente 1 & Konstantinos Ar. Kormas 1 Received: 2 April 2020 / Accepted: 18 August 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this study, we hypothesized that sympatrically grown farmed fish, i.e. fish which experience similar environmental conditions and nutritionally similar diets, would have more convergent gut microbiota. Using a “common garden” approach, we identified the core microbiota and bacterial community structure differences between five fish species farmed in the same aquaculture site on the west coast of the Aegean Sea, Greece. The investigated individuals were at similar developmental stages and reared in adjacent (< 50 m) aquaculture cages; each cage had 15 kg fish m−3. The diets were nutritionally similar to support optimal growth for each fish species. DNA from the midgut of 3–6 individuals per fish species was extracted and sequenced for the V3–V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA. Only 3.9% of the total 181 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were shared among all fish. Between 5 and 74 OTUs were unique to each fish species. Each of the investigated fish species had a distinct profile of dominant OTUs, i.e. cumulative relative abundance of ≥ 80%. Co-occurrence network analysis for each fish species showed that all networks were strongly dominated by positive correlations between the abundances of their OTUs. However, each fish species had different network characteristics suggesting the differential significance of the OTUs in each of the five fish species midgut. The results of the present study may provide evidence that adult fish farmed in the Mediterranean Sea have a rather divergent and species-specific gut microbiota profile, which are shaped independently of the similar environmental conditions under which they grow. Keywords Marine . Fish . Gut . Core microbiota . Bacteria . Aquaculture
Introduction Symbiotic microorganisms and their animal hosts are in a perpetually dynamic relationship. Each animal species has distinct nutritional requirements and this creates specific environmental
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-020-01580-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Konstantinos Ar. Kormas [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 384 46 Volos, Greece
2
Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 46.7km Athens-Sounio Ave., Anavyssos, 19013 Athens, Greece
3
Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
conditions which set different selective pressures in their gut microbiota while the mi
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