Handbook of Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry
The first edition of our Handbook was written in 1983. In the preface to the first edition we noted the rapid development of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and its considerable potential for elemental analysis. The intervening fiv
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Safety
ICP systems are amongst the safest pieces of instrumentation available to the analytical chemist. The ICP requires the use of no inflammable gas or toxic reagent, nor does it emit any dangerous ionizing radiation. The high-frequency radiation from the coil is present at a completely innocuous level at the exterior of the instrument, and the intense ultraviolet emission from the plasma is completely contained within the torch-box. Fume from the plasma, derived from the decomposition of the solution injected, together with some ozone generated by the ultraviolet radiation, can be safely removed from the laboratory by means of a suitable chimney fitted with a low-power fan. High voltages produced within the electronic system are well below those found in ordinary television sets, and are completely enclosed. Thus the only significant hazard associated with the use of the ICP lies in the sample preparation activities, and this is no greater in magnitude than encountered with any other method in chemical analysis. Some specific points need to be made, however, in respect of both the general safety requirements of analytical laboratories, and in connection with specific materials recommended in this book which require especially careful handling. This section should not be regarded as a complete guide to laboratory safety, but rather as a method of drawing to the reader's attention specific requirements on which he should make himself fully informed before engaging on any laboratory work or when designing a new facility. General laboratory safety Premises The following description represents ideal conditions which should be available. The space devoted to sample preparation should be of adequate size and specifically designed for that purpose. No other activity should be allowed there (desk work, social activity, or the preparation and consumption of f\.lod). The space should have easily accessible exits including emergency exits, and should not form part of a through-way to other laboratories or offices. The services (sinks, fume cupboards, dust-extraction hoods, power-outlets, ventilation) must be completely adequate for the heaviest usage. Abundant storage space must be available in the laboratory and elsewhere so that the bench tops and floor space do not 287
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become cluttered with sample boxes and equipment. The rooms should be amply provided with fire extinguishers, first-aid kits, eye-washout facilities, an emergency shower, equipment for dealing with large spillages, and protective clothing (face shields and rubber gloves). A separate lockable store for chemicals must be available, and quantities of hazardous materials kept in the laboratory should be minimal in relation to their daily usage. Management The sample preparation facility must be in the overall charge of a professionally qualified chemist or person of comparable experience who takes the practical responsibility for all aspects of safety, laboratory practice and discipline. Specifically he must perform the following function
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