Sweat chloride assay by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: a confirmation test for cystic fibrosis diagnosis
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RESEARCH PAPER
Sweat chloride assay by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: a confirmation test for cystic fibrosis diagnosis Antonella Marvelli 1 & Beatrice Campi 2 & Gianfranco Mergni 3 & Maria Elisa Di Cicco 4 & Paola Turini 5 & Paolo Scardina 6 & Riccardo Zucchi 1 & Massimo Pifferi 4 & Giovanni Taccetti 3 & Aldo Paolicchi 5,7 & Giancarlo la Marca 8,9 & Alessandro Saba 1,5 Received: 19 March 2020 / Revised: 3 July 2020 / Accepted: 15 July 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The current guidelines for sweat chloride analysis identify the procedures for sweat collection, but not for chloride assay, which is usually performed by methods originally not aiming at the low concentrations of chloride found in sweat. To overcome this limitation, we set up, characterized, and adopted an original inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method for sweat chloride determination, which was designed for its easy use in a clinical laboratory. The method was linear in the range 8.5E−3 to 272.0E−3 mM, precision exhibited a relative standard deviation < 6%, and accuracy was in the range 99.7–103.8%. Limit of blank, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation were 2.1 mM, 3.2 mM, and 7.0 mM, respectively, which correspond to real concentrations injected into the mass spectrometer of 3.9E−3 mM for LOD and 8.5E−3 mM for LOQ. At first, the method was tested on 50 healthy volunteers who exhibited a mean chloride concentration of 15.7 mM (25–75th percentile 10.1– 19.3 mM, range 2.8–37.4 mM); then, it was used to investigate two patients with suspected cystic fibrosis, who exhibited sweat chloride values of 65.6 mM and 81.2 mM, respectively. Moreover, the method was cross-validated by assaying 50 samples with chloride concentration values in the range 10–131 mM, by both ICP-MS and coulometric titration, which is the technology officially used in Tuscany for cystic fibrosis newborn screening. The reference analytical performances and the relatively low cost of ICP-MS, accompanied by the advantageous cost of a single sweat chloride assay, make this technology the best candidate to provide a top reference method for the quantification of chloride in sweat. The method that we propose was optimized and validated for sweat samples ≥ 75 mg, which is the minimum amount requested by the international protocols. However, the method sensitivity and, in addition, the possibility to reduce the sample dilution factor, make possible the quantification of chloride even in samples weighting < 75 mg that are discarded according to the current guidelines. Keywords Cystic fibrosis . Inductively coupled plasma . Mass spectrometry . Chloride assay
Introduction Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder occurring in 1/2000–3000 livebirths among the Caucasian populations [1], is * Alessandro Saba [email protected]
caused by mutations of the gene encoding for the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR), a cyclic adenosine monophosphate–regulated ion channel, which primarily acts as a chloride channe
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