Handling Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles: Preventing and Recovering from Hazardous Events
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Handling Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles: Preventing and Recovering from Hazardous Events Roeland Bisschop *, Ola Willstrand and Max Rosengren, Department of Safety Research, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Bora˚s, Sweden Received: 24 September 2019/Accepted: 27 August 2020
Abstract. The demand for lithium-ion battery powered road vehicles continues to increase around the world. As more of these become operational across the globe, their involvement in traffic accidents and incidents is likely to rise. This can damage the lithium-ion battery and subsequently pose a threat to occupants and responders as well as those involved in vehicle recovery and salvage operations. The project this paper is based on aimed to alleviate such concerns. To provide a basis for fire safety systems to be applied to damaged EVs, hazards have been identified and means for preventing and controlling lithium-ion battery fires, including preventive measures during workshop and salvage activities were studied. Tests were also performed with fixed fire suppression systems applying suppressant inside traction batteries which showed to improve their safety. Keywords: Lithium-ion batteries, Electric vehicles, Risk management, Fire testing, Vehicle fire safety, Fire suppression
1. Introduction The demand for electric vehicles (EVs) continues to increase around the world. They have proven to reduce emissions and operate more efficiently than vehicles driven by fossil-fuels. In part this is made possible due to significant technological advances in energy storage systems, specifically those that are part of the lithiumion family. Their unmatched properties such as high cycle life, high energy density, and high efficiency makes them suitable for automotive applications [1]. As more lithium-ion battery (LIB) powered road vehicles become operational across the globe, their involvement in traffic accidents is likely to rise. There is a risk, as in conventionally fueled vehicles, that the on-board energy storage system becomes a hazard to the safety of those involved in, or responding to, accidents. While the risks associated with conventional vehicles are well-defined and generally accepted by society; time and education are needed to achieve this comfort level for LIB powered road vehicles.
* Correspondence should be addressed to: Roeland Bisschop, E-mail: [email protected]
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Fire Technology 2020 The project this paper is based on aimed to alleviate such concerns. Its role was to provide a basis for fire safety systems to be applied to damaged EVs. Of interest were relevant risk assessment routines and to evaluate what role integrated fire safety systems can play in providing greater occupant protection. To form this basis, the study combined literature studies with risk workshops, carried out by vehicle manufacturers, fire safety experts, vehicle workshops and fire suppression system manufacturers, as well as physical testing of integrated fire suppression systems.
2. The Ongoing Electrification of Road Vehicles An increasing number of road vehic
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