Heavy metal and metalloid contamination and health risk assessment in spring water on the territory of Belgrade City, Se
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Heavy metal and metalloid contamination and health risk assessment in spring water on the territory of Belgrade City, Serbia Vladanka Presburger Ulnikovic´ . Sanja Mrazovac Kurilic´
Received: 3 November 2018 / Accepted: 8 June 2020 Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The aim of this research was to examine the content of heavy metals and metalloids in the spring water on the territory of Belgrade City and their health risk. This paper presents results of the content and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of aluminum, iron, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead, as well as carcinogenic health risk assessment of arsenic, in untreated spring water on the territory of Belgrade City. 23 out of 30 registered and controlled springs in Belgrade City were sampled and examined. The analysis of all samples was done using an ICP-MS. Descriptive and multivariate statistical analysis of data was done, and based on Shapiro–Wilk test of normality, all data sets, from which mean values of heavy metals and metalloids were calculated, have normal distribution. Pearson’s correlation coefficient for the examined elements was determined too, as well as spatial distribution and cluster analysis with dendrogram. Based on heavy metal and metalloid concentrations, the health risk assessment (HQ) was calculated. Although the concentrations of certain
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00617-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. V. P. Ulnikovic´ S. M. Kurilic´ (&) University ‘‘Union-Nikola Tesla’’, Cara Dusˇana 62-64, Belgrade, Serbia e-mail: [email protected]
heavy metals and metalloids in untreated water were in a wide range of values and differed significantly, in a large number of springs concentrations of most of the investigated heavy metals and metalloids were lower than the maximum permissible concentrations prescribed by the legislation of the Republic of Serbia and do not show unacceptable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risk. Keywords Health risk assessment Heavy metals and metalloids Multivariate statistical analysis Spring water
Introduction Water is one of the basic, necessary conditions for the survival and development of living organisms on Earth. Nowadays, large quantities of water are spent in agriculture, crafts, industry, as well as for meeting the everyday needs of the population for clean and safe drinking water. Groundwater provides 75% of water needs in households and industry in the Republic of Serbia. Groundwater resources will be the prevailing type of water supply for the population and industry in Serbia in the following years. Their quality is very uneven and varies from high-quality water to those that need to be processed to the level of quality of drinking water (Environmental Report in the Republic
123
Environ Geochem Health
of Serbia for 2007). In the water supply of Bel
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