Heparin stimulates biofilm formation of Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Heparin stimulates biofilm formation of Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 Dandan Wu . Xiaomei Li . Yanying Yu . Bingxue Gong . Xianxuan Zhou
Received: 14 April 2020 / Accepted: 29 September 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Objectives Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN), a gut probiotic competing with pathogenic bacteria, has been used to attenuate various intestinal dysfunctions. Heparin is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan enriched in the human and animal intestinal mucosa, which has a close connection with bacterial biofilm formation. However, the characteristics of heparin affecting bacterial biofilm formation remain obscure. In this study, we investigated the influence of heparin and its derivatives on EcN biofilm formation. Results Here, we found that heparin stimulated EcN biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. With the addition of native heparin, the EcN biofilm formation increased 6.9- to 10.8-fold than that without heparin, and was 1.4-, 3.1-, 3.0-, and 3.8-fold higher than that of N-desulfated heparin (N-DS), 2-O-desulfated heparin (2-O-DS), 6-O-desulfated heparin (6-ODS), and N-/2-O-/6-O-desulfated heparin (N-/2-O-/6O-DS), respectively. Depolymerization of heparin produced chain-shortened heparin fragments with decreased molecular weight. The depolymerized heparins did not stimulate EcN biofilm formation. The
Dandan Wu and Xiaomei Li have contributed equally to this work. D. Wu X. Li Y. Yu B. Gong X. Zhou (&) School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China e-mail: [email protected]
OD570 value of EcN biofilm with the addition of chain-shortened heparin fragments was 8.7-fold lower than that of the native heparin. Furthermore, the biofilm formation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was also investigated with the addition of heparin derivatives, and the results were consistent with that of EcN biofilm formation. Conclusions We conclude that heparin stimulated EcN biofilm formation. Both the sulfation and chainlength of heparin contributed to the enhancement of EcN biofilm formation. This study increases the understanding of how heparin affects biofilm formation, indicating the potential role of heparin in promoting intestinal colonization of probiotics that antagonize pathogen infections. Keywords Heparin Biofilm Probiotic Escherichia coli Salmonella enterica
Introduction EcN, a well-known probiotic, was isolated from the intestinal flora of a young soldier during the First World War by Professor Alfred Nissle in Freiburg, Germany, in 1917 (Scaldaferri et al. 2016). The key to EcN becoming a probiotic is its antibacterial activities against other bacteria (Grozdanov et al. 2004; Massip et al. 2019; Toloza et al. 2015). EcN is also an
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Biotechnol Lett
excellent settler of the human intestine. The bacterium has an extracellular capsule of polysaccharide that is important for its adhesion and colonization and has a semi-rough lipopoly
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