Hepatic Toxicity in Etroplus suratensis (Bloch 1790): An Economically Important Edible Fish in Vembanad Fresh Water Lake
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Hepatic Toxicity in Etroplus suratensis (Bloch 1790): An Economically Important Edible Fish in Vembanad Fresh Water Lake, Kerala, India Arathi Pettamanna1 · Divya Raghav1 · Raveendran Harikumaran Nair1 Received: 28 April 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Fish consumption from contaminated water-bodies is a serious health issue. This study conducted to reveal the presence of heavy metals and bisphenols in Vembanad lake, an exploiting tourist spot in Kerala, receiving untreated agricultural, domestic, municipal, and industrial effluents. We evaluated aquatic contaminant impact on hepatic stress markers in Etroplus suratensis from fragile Vembanad lake. The significant difference in water physiochemical parameters, the concentration of heavy metals, and bisphenols (BPA and BPS) were studied. Hepatic tissue of E. suratensis inhabited in lake featured with high iron (11.29 ± 0.39 ppm) and BPA (0.02412 ± 0.0031 µg/mL) content along with an increased hepatic stress marker and distorted hepatic structure. The study highlights the presence of high iron and BPA in edible fish. The study recommends monitoring of physiochemical characters of freshwater lakes is essential for better survival of freshwater flora and fauna. Keyword Freshwater contamination · Heavy metal toxicity · Bisphenols · Hepatic damage Vembanad backwater tourism with cruise houseboats emerged as a backbone of the Kerala tourist sector, India, which lead to a tremendous increase of anthropogenic activities in the shore of Vembanad. Mismanagement of tourist activities generates a huge quantity of solid waste deposits around the terrain of Vembanad lake. There are no effective control mechanisms to maintain Vembanad resources from industrial, agricultural, municipal, and domestic drainages. As waste effluents enter the surface water, chemical contaminants including heavy metals and xenoestrogens also enter the aquatic system. Song et al. (2010) revealed that industrial drainage serves as a point source for heavy metal pollution in the Changjiang river. Shyleshchandran et al. (2018) reported that sediments of Vembanad lake act as a major reservoir for heavy metal contamination. High levels of solid waste disposal like magazines, newspapers, paper rolls, food cans, receipts, and plastic products have been noticed in certain hotspots of the Vembanad lake. These solid waste contents are currently recognized as an exposure source for xenoestrogens like bisphenol A (BPA) or bisphenol S (BPS) (Rocha * Raveendran Harikumaran Nair [email protected] 1
Physiology Research Laboratory, School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
et al. 2015; Brede et al. 2003). Persistent chemical impregnated sources around the terrain of Vembanad lake is a serious issue to address. So, the prime focus of our study is to evaluate the possibility of infiltrated chemicals like heavy metals, BPA, and BPS in Vembanad lake water from waste disposal. Vembanad lake is most pr
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