Herbicide Exposure and Toxicity to Aquatic Primary Producers
The aim of the present review was to give an overview of the current state of science concerning herbicide exposure and toxicity to aquatic primary producers. To this end we assessed the open literature, revealing the widespread presence of (mixtures of)
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and Michiel H. S. Kraak
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Exposure of Aquatic Primary Producers to Herbicides 2.1 Sources of Herbicides in the Aquatic Environment 2.2 Fate of Herbicides in the Aquatic Environment 2.3 Concentrations of Herbicides in the Aquatic Environment 2.4 Bioavailability of Herbicides to Aquatic Primary Producers 2.5 Uptake of Herbicides by Aquatic Primary Producers 3 Toxicity of Herbicides to Aquatic Primary Producers 3.1 Mode of Action of Herbicides 3.2 Standardized Toxicity Tests with Aquatic Primary Producers 3.3 Selected Endpoints in Standardized Toxicity Tests with Aquatic Primary Producers 3.4 Sensitivity of Aquatic Primary Producers to Herbicides 3.5 Mixture Toxicity of Herbicides to Aquatic Primary Producers 4 Retrospective Site-Specific Risks Assessment of Herbicides for Aquatic Primary Producers 4.1 Risk Assessment of Aqueous Herbicides for Aquatic Primary Producers 4.2 Risk Assessment of Sediment-Associated Herbicides for Aquatic Primary Producers 5 Conclusions 6 Summary References
Abbreviations AF EC50 ECx
Assessment factor Median effect concentration Calculated concentration at which x% of the tested species are affected
Electronic Supplementary Material: The online version of this chapter (https://doi.org/10.1007/ 398_2020_48) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. J. A. Vonk (*) · M. H. S. Kraak Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] © The Author(s) 2020 Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2020_48
J. A. Vonk and M. H. S. Kraak
KOC KOW LC50 SSD
Organic carbon-water partitioning coefficient Octanol-water partition coefficient Median lethal concentration Species sensitivity distribution
1 Introduction Herbicides are the most used pesticides in North America and in Europe, and accordingly, herbicides are the most frequently detected pesticide group in North American and European surface waters (Moschet et al. 2014; Booij et al. 2015; Lopez et al. 2015; Schreiner et al. 2016). Herbicides are often well soluble in water to increase the systemic uptake by plants. This increases the chances of transport and discharges into water, and consequently, a wide variety of herbicides often exceed environmental quality standards (EQS) and regulatory acceptable concentrations (RACs) in European surface waters (Moschet et al. 2014; Schreiner et al. 2016; Casado et al. 2019). Hence, herbicides are expected to have a significant effect on aquatic ecosystem functioning (Moschet et al. 2014; Knauer 2016; Schreiner et al. 2016). Herbicides are often phytotoxic to non-target aquatic organisms such as algae and macrophytes, and these adverse effects on primary producers can cascade up the food web altering community structure (DeLorenzo et al. 2001; Ralph et al. 2007; Wood et al. 2016), since algae and plants provide food and habitat for higher trophic levels (e.g. Whatley et a
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