High Internal Phase Emulsion Polymeric Monolith Extraction Coupling with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the
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High Internal Phase Emulsion Polymeric Monolith Extraction Coupling with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Para Red and Sudan Dyes in Chilli Samples Fuyou Du 1,3 & Xian Zheng 1 & Jianchao Deng 2 & Jiao Zou 1 & Qiulian Zeng 1 & Jianping Li 1 & Guihua Ruan 1
Received: 7 October 2016 / Accepted: 6 December 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract Polymerized high internal phase emulsion (polyHIPE) monoliths were synthesized by in situ polymerization of the continuous phase of a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) in syringes and successfully applied as monolithic sorbents to extract Para Red and Sudan dyes in chilli samples. Several parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated, including the type of desorption solvent, sample loading rate, sample volume, and pH. Under the optimized conditions, a method using a monolithic polyHIPE column combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for the simultaneous extraction and sensitive determination of Para Red and Sudan dyes in chilli samples. The proposed method had good linearity, with correlation coefficients (R2) from 0.9985 to 0.9995 and low detection limits (LODs, S/N = 3) in the range 1.5–12 ng/mL for the five analytes. The
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12161-016-0751-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Fuyou Du [email protected] * Guihua Ruan [email protected] 1
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
2
Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
3
Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
mean recoveries were ranged from 82.6 to 114.3% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) lower than 4.2%. Keywords High internal phase emulsion . Monolithic column . Solid-phase extraction . Para Red . Sudan dyes
Introduction Sudan dyes (Sudan I, II, III, and IV, see Fig. 1) are phenyl-azoic derivatives and widely used as coloring agents in many chemical industries and daily products. However, the breakage of diazo bonds leads to the formation of active aromatic amines that are very potent mutagens and carcinogens, and hence, Sudan dyes are categorized as class 3 carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and are also considered as a possible genotoxic carcinogen and mutagen to humans (Ahlstrom et al. 2005; Stiborova et al. 2002; Rebane et al. 2010; Stiborová et al. 2013). Para Red is very chemically similar to Sudan I. Although the data available are limited, some independent scientific experts have advised that Para Red could be a genotoxic carcinogen (Erta et al. 2007). T
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