Graphene Oxide-Based Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction Combined with High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Determinat
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Graphene Oxide-Based Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction Combined with High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Determination of Patulin in Apple Juice Yutang Wang 1 & Yanjie Wen 2 & Yong-Chien Ling 2
Received: 18 March 2016 / Accepted: 5 June 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract Magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) is a valuable tool for the extraction and preconcentration of analytes from environmental, food, and biological samples because of its convenience, promptness, and simplicity. In this study, a graphene oxide-based magnetic nanocomposite (MGO) was synthesized and characterized by various instrumental methods. An effective MSPE procedure coupled with highperformance liquid chromatography (MSPE-HPLC) was developed for the preconcentration and determination of the patulin (PAT) in apple juice samples. Critical experimental parameters of MSPE that could affect the extraction efficiencies, such as the amount of MGO, the pH, and ionic strength of the sample solution; the extraction time; and the desorption conditions, were investigated. After optimizing the conditions, the detection limit of this method provided was 2.3 μg/kg; the recoveries were in the range of 68.7–83.6 %, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging between 1.8–8.7 %. It was confirmed that the graphene-based magnetic nanocomposite was a kind of effective MSPE material used for the PAT analyses in apple juice samples. Keywords Patulin . Magnetic solid phase extraction . Graphene oxide . Magnetic nanocomposites . Apple juice
* Yutang Wang [email protected] * Yong-Chien Ling [email protected] 1
College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of China
2
Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
Introduction Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by certain fungi on growing plants and are toxic to humans and animals. Their occurrence, toxicology, and impact on stakeholders have been a subject of continuous concern (Berthiller et al. 2013; Marin et al. 2013). Among commonly known mycotoxins, patulin (4-hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2-c]pyran-2[6H]-one) (PAT) is produced by Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Byssochlamys mold species that are commonly found on apples. Apple products made from partially damaged or bruised apples prior to processing are more susceptible to PAT contamination. Infants and young children who consume higher amounts of apple products than adults do are at higher risk of PAT intoxication (Beretta et al. 2000; Brandon et al. 2012). The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified PAT as Group 3 (not carcinogenic). The occurrence of PAT as toxic contaminant in apple products is prevalent and warrants regular monitoring of PAT in apple products. Regulatory levels of PAT were established in China, India, Japan, and USA. The maximum limit for PAT for apple juice is 50 μg/kg. In the Europe, additional limits for solid apple products (25 μg/kg) and products designed for infants and
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