High-Performance Energy-Efficient Microprocessor Design
Microprocessors of today contain close to a billion transistors, while achieving the performance of super-computers just a decade ago. Designing such processors takes hundreds of people organized into large teams. High Performance Energy Efficient Micropr
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SERIES ON INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS Anantha Chandrakasan, Editor Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Published books in the series: A Practical Guide for SystemVerilog Assertions Srikanth Vijayaraghavan and Meyyappan Ramanathan 2005, ISBN 0-387-26049-8
Statistical Analysis and Optimization for VLSI: Timing and Power Ashish Srivastava, Dennis Sylvester and David Blaauw 2005, ISBN 0-387-25738-1
Leakage in Nanometer CMOS Technologies Siva G. Narendra and Anantha Chandrakasan 2005, ISBN 0-387-25737-3
Thermal and Power Management of Integrated Circuits Arman Vassighi and Manoj Sachdev 2005, ISBN 0-398-25762-4
High-Performance Energy-Efficient Microprocessor Design Edited by
VOJIN G. OKLOBDZIJA Integration Corp., Berkeley, California and University of California and
RAM K. KRISHNAMURTHY Microprocessor Research Laboratory, Intel Corp., Hillsboro, Oregon
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 0-397-28594-6 (HB) ISBN-10 0-387-34047-5 (e-book)
Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved c 2006 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction
vii
Vojin G. Oklobdzija and Ram K. Krishnamurthy
1 Ultra-low power processor design
1
Christian Piguet
2 Design of energy-efficient digital circuits
31
Bart Zeydel and Vojin G. Oklobdzija
3 Clocked storage elements in digital systems
57
Nikola Nedovic and Vojin G. Oklobdzija
4 Static memory design
89
Nestoras Tzartzanis
5 Large-scale circuit placement
121
Ameya R. Agnihotri, Satoshi Ono, Mehmet Can Yildiz, and Patrick H. Madden
6 Energy-delay characteristics of CMOS adders Vojin G. Oklobdzija and Bart R. Zeydel
v
147
vi
Table of contents
7 High-performance energy-efficient dual-supply ALU design
171
Sanu K. Mathew, Mark A. Anders, and Ram K. Krishnamurthy
8 Binary floating-point unit design: the fused multiply-add dataflow
189
Eric Schwarz
9 Microprocessor architecture for yield enhancement and reliable operation
209
Hisashige Ando
10 How is bandwidth used in computers?
235
Phil Emma
11 High-speed IO design
289
Warren R. Anderson
12 Processor core and low power SoC design for embedded systems
311
Naohiko Irie
Index
337
INTRODUCTION Microprocessor design is a discipline and an art. Since the introduction of the first microprocessor in 1971 containing 2108 transistors embodied in Intel’s 4004, the complexity of the design has increased several orders of magnitude with contemporary multi-core processors containing over two billion trans
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