High temperature triggered plant responses from whole plant to cellular level
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REVIEW ARTICLE
High temperature triggered plant responses from whole plant to cellular level Latif Ahmad Peer1 • Zahoor A. Dar2 • Aijaz A. Lone2 • Mohd Yaqub Bhat1 Nusrat Ahamad1
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Received: 21 August 2020 / Accepted: 20 November 2020 Ó Indian Society for Plant Physiology 2020
Abstract Agronomic productivity is facing a drastic decline because of increasing temperatures, which is a global concern presently. Plants can sense such temperature changes and manifest their responses through morphological, anatomical, phenological, biochemical, physiological, and molecular changes enabling plants to adapt to the new environments. The dissection of such plant responses enables the researchers to develop markers utilized to produce improved thermotolerant plants. Hightemperature effects vary with plant developmental stages and plant species and profoundly affect the reproductive success and plant species’ geographical distribution. Water relations, membrane stability, respiration, and photosynthesis are adversely affected while hormone and metabolite, both primary and secondary, levels are also modulated. Plants respond by heat shock protein and related protein expression, ROS generation, membrane stability maintenance, osmoprotectant accumulation, MAPK and CDPK cascade induction, antioxidant production, and chaperone signalling, ultimately leading to thermotolerance. A summary of such plant responses from the whole plant to cellular levels, including molecular mechanisms, is presented in this review to have a thorough understanding regarding plant thermotolerance.
& Mohd Yaqub Bhat [email protected] 1
Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006, India
2
Dryland Agriculture Research Station, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 191121, India
Keywords Thermotolerance PIF4 proteins Stress responses Heat stress Heat tolerance
Introduction The varied range of unfavourable abiotic environmental factors, including high temperature (HT), salinity, nonoptimal pH, limited water conditions, U.V. radiations, and oxygen deficiency, can challenge plant survival. These widely influence plant life processes and cause morphological, physiological, molecular, biochemical, and cellular changes that widely affect productivity, growth, and yield of crops (Wahid et al. 2007). These environmental factors generally negatively impact the normal growth and other developmental processes, and plants respond to these through many mechanisms to survive. Temperature is an essential environmental factor for plants’ normal growth and development and an important cellular reaction force. All the physiological processes of plants operate under the optimum temperature of around 30 °C. Optimum temperature promotes the plant’s physical conditions through normal growth and development (Mittler et al. 2011). Temperature above and below critical significantly affect all life processes of plants. Plants have developed various adaptive measure
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