Plant Responses to a Daily Short-term Temperature Drop: Phenomenology and Mechanisms
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Plant Responses to a Daily Short-term Temperature Drop: Phenomenology and Mechanisms A. F. Titova, T. G. Shibaevaa, *, E. N. Ikkonena, and E. G. Sherudiloa a
Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, 185910 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received April 7, 2020; revised April 25, 2020; accepted April 25, 2020
Abstract—The review analyzes and generalizes literary data and the authors’ results demonstrating the principal difference in plant responses to low-temperature treatments of two different types: (1) long-term constant chilling and (2) short-term daily cooling (temperature drop). The literature indicating the specificity of plant responses to temperature drops as related to their parameters (intensity, duration, and timing in a diurnal cycle) is discussed. Environmental effects on plant responses to temperature drops are also considered. Peculiarity of responses to temperature drops of the plants representing the groups different in their relation to temperature and light are analyzed. Physiological and biochemical mechanisms of plant responses to temperature drops are discussed. Keywords: low positive temperature, temperature drops, plants, growth, development, productivity, tolerance DOI: 10.1134/S1021443720060187
INTRODUCTION Plants, as poikilothermal organisms incapable of active motion, strictly depend on temperature conditions in their habitat. That is why the role of temperature in plant life has been investigated for many decades. As an outcome, hundreds of publications describe various aspects of plant responses to this factor. The processes of low-temperature adaptations and/or low-temperature damage of plants are usually central points in these works [1, 2]. In both cases, the plants are usually exposed to a constant low temperature, which is experimentally applied for a rather long time—days or weeks. However, in many regions, not only in high-latitudes, the plant growth, even during active vegetation, faces frequent substantial fluctuations in temperature over a diurnal cycle, often beyond an optimal range. Furthermore, although the daily average temperature is relatively high in these regions, it rather often sharply decreases in the night or in the hours before dawn even in summer (Fig. 1). Within a diurnal cycle, this chilling is rather short (2–4 h). It is followed by a relatively long exposure to optimal or near-optimal temperatures. Thus, the effect of a temperature drop on the plants is not always obvious and, for this reason, has not attracted due attention of researchers for a long time. However, a good deal of data has accumulated about the idea that the diurnally repeating influence of low subdamaging temperatures Abbreviations: temperature drop—diurnal short-time decrease in temperature; PSA—photosynthetic apparatus.
is capable of exerting the well-seen morphogenetic effect, namely, retardation in linear growth of the plants [3, 4]. These observations and corresponding experiments enabled the designing of the agrotechnical
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