Highly efficient degradation of metronidazole drug using CaFe 2 O 4 /PNA nanohybrids as metal-organic catalysts under mi
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Highly efficient degradation of metronidazole drug using CaFe2O4/PNA nanohybrids as metal-organic catalysts under microwave irradiation Jannatun Zia 1 & Shahzada Misbah Farhat 1 & Elham S. Aazam 2 & Ufana Riaz 1 Received: 29 June 2020 / Accepted: 31 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Catalytic degradation based on microwave irradiation is an emerging technique which promises prompt and efficient catalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Calcium ferrite (CaFe2O4), poly(1-napththylamine) (PNA), and PNA/CaFe2O4 nanohybrids were synthesized via microwave-assisted technique. The properties of the as-prepared CaFe2O4, PNA, and PNA/CaFe2O4 nanohybrids were characterized by the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), FTIR, XRD, SEM, and ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis) analyses. The formation of inorganic-organic hybrids was confirmed by the FTIR and XRD studies. Loading of PNA was confirmed to be 8%, 16%, 32%, and 40% in CaFe2O4 which was established by TGA studies and the thermal stability was found to follow the order: CaFe2O4 > 8-PNA/CaFe2O4 > 16-PNA/CaFe2O4 > 32-PNA/CaFe2O4 > 40-PNA/CaFe2O4 > PNA. CaFe2O4 and PNA revealed band gap values of 3.42 eV and 2.60 eV respectively while for the PNA/CaFe2O4 nanohybrids, the values were found to be ranging between 2.46 and 3.00 eV. The PNA modified CaFe2O4 nanohybrids showed higher degradation efficiency towards metronidazole (MTZ) drug as compared with PNA and pure CaFe2O4. MTZ drug showed around 94% degradation within 21 min of microwave irradiation using 40-PNA/CaFe2O4 as catalyst. The enhanced catalytic activity was attributed to the high surface area of the nanohybrid catalyst as well as improved microwave catalytic activity of PNA. The reactive species responsible for degradation were confirmed by scavenger studies which formation of ·OH and O2·− radicals. Recyclability tests showed that the 40-PNA/CaFe2O4 nanohybrid exhibited 86% degradation of MTZ (90 mg/l) even after the third cycle, which reflected higher reusability of the catalyst. The MTZ fragments were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Keywords Catalyst preparation . Catalytic process . Degradation . Environmental chemistry . Environmental remediation
Introduction Recently, various types of pharmaceutical contaminants have been excessively discovered in water bodies which are known as new environmental hazards that require effective treatment by suitable methods. Due to the rapid growth of the population and Responsible Editor: Santiago V. Luis Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10694-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ufana Riaz [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Materials Research Laboratory, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
2
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 23622, Saudi Arabia
development of medical science, a large n
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