Hippocampus
Schizophrenia is associated with structural and functional abnormalities in a variety of neural circuits. This chapter reviews studies of the hippocampus in schizophrenia.
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Anatomical Systems
3.1
Hippocampus
S. Heckers
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
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Hippocampal Volume and Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
3 3.1 3.2 3.3
Cellular Mechanisms of Hippocampal Dysfunction in Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 GABAergic Hippocampal Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Glutamatergic Hippocampal Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Additional Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
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The Genetic Basis of Hippocampal Abnormalities in Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
5 5.1 5.2 5.3
Hippocampal Function and Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Hippocampal Activity at Rest in Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Hippocampal Activity During the Experience of Psychosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Hippocampal Activity and Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
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Conclusion: The Role of the Hippocampus in Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
D. Javitt & J. Kantrowitz (eds.), Schizophrenia, DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-30410-6_3.1, # Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC 2009
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3.1
Hippocampus
Abstract: Schizophrenia is associated with structural and functional abnormalities in a variety of neural circuits. This chapter reviews studies of the hippocampus in schizophrenia. The original finding was significantly smaller overall hippocampal volume in schizophrenia. Many studies have confirmed this original finding and have demonstrated it at the initial stage of the illness. While less prominent when compared to neurodegenerative illnesses, the volume difference is comparable to major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. More recent studies have explored region- and cell-specific alterations of hippocampal anatomy as well as functionally selective impairments of hippocampal function. Several studies have identified a decreased expression of the genes and proteins that characterize hippocampal interneurons. In addition, studies of regional cerebral blood flow have identified overall greater hippocampal activity and specific abnormalities of hippocampal recruitment during the perfo
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