History of Semiconductor Engineering
When basic researchers started working on semiconductors during the late nineteen thirties and on integrated circuits at the end of the nineteen fifties, they did not know that their work would change the lives of future generations. Very few people at th
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Bo Lojek
History of Semiconductor Engineering With 319 Figures, 1 in Color
Dr. Bo Lojek ATMEL Corporation 1150 E. Cheyenne Mtn. Blvd. Colorado Springs, CO 80906, USA e-mail: [email protected]
Cover Illustration: Layout of Fairchild analog integrated circuits prepared by Dolores Talbert (Circa 1963)
Library of Congress Control Number 2006938040
ISBN-10 3-540-34257-5 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-34257-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: PTP-Berlin Protago-TEX-Production GmbH, Germany Cover-Design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg Production: LE-TEX Jelonek, Schmidt & V¨ockler GbR, Leipzig, Germany Printed on acid-free paper
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To the memory of my parents, Bohumila and Rudolf Lojek. Because memory remains.
Preface – The pages that should be read first
The innovator makes enemies of all those who prospered under the old order, and only lukewarm support is forthcoming from those who would prosper under the new, because men are generally incredulous, never really trusting new things unless they have tested them by experience. Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince
Many years ago I was called to jury duty. During the jury selection, the plaintiffs’ attorney asked my name and what I did for a living. I was very proud of my profession and what I did and I answered my name and said “I am an engineer.” The attorney did not ask any other questions and without hesitation said that I could go because he did not want me as a member of the jury. On the way home I was pondering what was wrong with engineers that they are not suitable for jury duty. If I had answered the attorney’s question that I was a car salesperson or politician he would have considered me for jury duty – but not if I was an engineer. My dad was an engineer; he could fix everything. He regularly took me to all kinds of junk yards and we always found something that was worth bringing home. I was taught to pick up screws or washers on the street, because after cleaning it certainly could be used again. I knew very early on that I wanted to be an engineer like my dad. I kn
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