Biodiversity of soil macrofauna in the New Forest: a benchmark study across a national park landscape
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Biodiversity of soil macrofauna in the New Forest: a benchmark study across a national park landscape Daniel Carpenter • Peter M. Hammond • Emma Sherlock Angela Lidgett • Kerry Leigh • Paul Eggleton
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Received: 4 May 2012 / Accepted: 11 September 2012 / Published online: 18 October 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012
Abstract The New Forest National Park is a hotspot for biodiversity in the UK. A long history of grazing by ponies in the New Forest landscape has created a diverse mosaic of habitats that are of international significance. We investigated patterns of species diversity and composition across the New Forest landscape by sampling soil, leaf litter and ground macrofauna from woodland, grassland and heathland plots across the entire landscape. We used a spatially replicated design of hand sorted soil pits, Winkler extraction of leaf litter, and pitfall traps. We concentrated on diversity patterns of the following target groups: Coleoptera, Formicidae, Isopoda, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Opiliones and Lumbricidae. The most striking difference in species assemblages is between wooded and open areas. Woodlands are the most diverse habitats and have a distinct assemblage, largely due to those leaf litter invertebrate species which are only present under a closed canopy. Open areas are less diverse, with diversity particularly low in the wet grasslands. However, the open areas do have a distinct fauna, especially in the wet and dry heaths which are home to a number of rare species, particularly of Formicidae. We discuss the potential conservation problems facing the New Forest and how these might affect soil macrofauna biodiversity in the future and conclude that climate change; over-grazing; and land use changes represent the largest threats. Although a relatively stable landscape which benefits from protection under UK law, changes in grazing intensity or management practices in the New Forest, particularly for some of the habitats of European importance (e.g. wet heathlands), could negatively affect soil macrofauna biodiversity. Climate change may also exacerbate biodiversity decline as a result of increased grazing intensity or changes in management.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10531-012-0369-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. D. Carpenter (&) P. M. Hammond A. Lidgett K. Leigh P. Eggleton Soil Biodiversity Group, Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK e-mail: [email protected] E. Sherlock Aquatic Invertebrates Division, Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
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Biodivers Conserv (2012) 21:3385–3410
Keywords Conservation threats Landscape ecology National parks Terrestrial macrofauna Soil biodiversity
Introduction Society’s ability to respond to threats to the natural world is entirely dependent on our knowledge of how that world is structured. Unfortunately, that knowledge is patchy, particularly of biodiversity
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