Honeybees of Asia
A multi-authored work on the basic biology of Asian honeybees, written by expert specialists in the field, this book highlights phylogeny, classification, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, biogeography, genetics, physiology, pheromones, nesting, self-assembl
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H.R. Hepburn
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S.E. Radloff
Editors
Honeybees of Asia
Editors Professor Dr. H.R. Hepburn Department of Zoology and Entomology Rhodes University Grahamstown 6140, South Africa [email protected]
Professor Dr. S.E. Radloff Department of Statistics Rhodes University Grahamstown 6140, South Africa [email protected]
ISBN 978-3-642-16421-7 e-ISBN 978-3-642-16422-4 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-16422-4 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover illustration: Pollen forager of Apis cerana on an ornamental flower (Portulaca oleracea) in the centre of Hangzhou (Zhejiang, China). Photo: Nikolaus Koeniger Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com)
In Memoriam Eva Widdowson Crane 1912–2007
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Preface
Studies on the biology of honeybees stem from ancient times, in both Asia and Europe. However, published scientific works on the honeybees of both regions gained unanticipated momentum on the heels of World War II and were boosted exponentially by Sputnik a decade later. Since that time, 95% of all publications on Asian and 99% on European honeybees were published. We believe that the publication of the Ruttner’s monographs (1988, 1992) was further major stimuli for research on Asian honeybees. Having just brought extraordinary clarity to the “real” honeybees (Apis cerana, Apis dorsata, Apis florea, and Apis mellifera), soon after Apis koschevnikovi, Apis andreniformis, Apis laboriosa, and Apis nigrocincta reappear in the literature. Some 50% of all literature on Asian honeybees follows publication of Ruttner’s classic work. Another major impetus for increased research on honeybees in Asia undoubtedly stems from the rather thorough cover given to this literature by Eva Crane and colleagues through some 50 odd years of Apicultural Abstracts. Interestingly, the lion’s share of work on Asian honeybees is also historically postcolonial in origin. It has also very largely resulted from the joint efforts of Asian and Western scientists working in tandem. On the Asian side, this year, 2010, also sees the 10th international conference of th
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