Host Lipid Response in Tropical Diseases
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New Technologies and Advances in Infections Prevention (A Marra, Section Editor)
Host Lipid Response in Tropical Diseases Monther Alsultan, PharmD, MSCR1 Joshua Morriss, BS1 Daniel Contaifer Jr, BS1 Naren Gajenthra Kumar, PhD2 Dayanjan S. Wijesinghe, PhD1,3,4,* Address 1 Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA 3 da Vinci Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23220, USA *,4 Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA Email: [email protected]
* Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Monther Alsultan, Joshua Morriss and Daniel Contaifer Jr contributed equally to this work. This article is part of the Topical Collection on New Technologies and Advances in Infections Prevention Keywords Tropical diseases I Host response I Lipids I Flavivirus I Trypanosoma I Leishmania I Plasmodium I Rickettsia
Abstract Purpose of review Herein, we summarize recent findings of novel lipid interactions between hosts and pathogens with the hope that further research is pursued in this emerging area of tropical disease lipidomics. Recent findings Hard-to-treat tropical diseases may be viral, parasitic, or bacterial in origin. Primarily caused in regions with high population densities, the lack of rapid diagnostic methods, effective long-term treatment regimens, and a high transmission rate results in major public health burdens. Intracellular niches occupied by the various pathogens in the human host further complicates treatment, as these pathogens present unique metabolic requirements utilizing lipids that are not shared by other extracellular pathogenic microorganisms. Improved techniques for comprehensive lipid analysis have renewed interest in exploring the mechanisms of these host-parasite lipid interactions with a focus on the host during infections. Maturation of mass spectrometry techniques coupled to lipidomic data processing has enabled pinpointing altered fatty acid compositions during infection, which are indicative of alterations to various lipid classes, and thus yield a common motif taken by pathogens to evade the host immune system and spread. This commonality includes various mechanisms that hijack host cell cholesterol
New Technologies and Advances in Infections Prevention (A Marra, Section Editor) metabolism and triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Summary Each pathogen modulates its own and hosts’ specific lipids as it occupies its host. Pathogens have distinctive interactions with the host lipidome for cell entry, scavenging for energy production, proliferation, and improved survival. These studies attempt to establish the foundational biochemical relationships that will either validate or suggest putative pathways, enhance diagnostics, evince novel therapeutic targets, and i
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