Household air pollution from cooking and heating and its impacts on blood pressure in residents living in rural cave dwe
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Household air pollution from cooking and heating and its impacts on blood pressure in residents living in rural cave dwellings in Loess Plateau of China Yuanchen Chen 1 & Jie Fei 1 & Zhe Sun 2 & Guofeng Shen 3 & Wei Du 3 & Lu Zang 1,4 & Liyang Yang 1 & Yonghui Wang 1 & Ruxin Wu 1 & An Chen 5 & Meirong Zhao 1 Received: 27 February 2020 / Accepted: 9 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Cave dwelling is an ancient and unique type of residence in the Loess Plateau of Northern China, where the economics are lessdeveloped. The majority of the local dwellers rely on traditional solid fuels for cooking and heating, which can emit large amounts of particles into both indoor and outdoor environments. In this study, we measured the real-time household concentrations of PM2.5 and explored the association between personal daily PM2.5 exposure and blood pressure (BP). Cooking and heating activities with different energies made a great variation in the household PM2.5 air pollution, and residents using biomass had the highest personal PM2.5 exposure. Temperature and relative humidity are both significantly linear correlated with household PM2.5 air pollution. Besides, systolic blood pressure (SBP) was demonstrated to be positively associated with personal PM2.5 exposure: with each 10-μg/m3 incremental PM2.5 concentration when controlling all the other factors, SBP will increase by 0.36 mmHg (95% confident interval (CI) 0.05–0.0.77 mmHg). If solid fuels could be replaced with clean energies, personal PM2.5 exposure and SBP would reduce by more than 21% and 3.7%, respectively, calling for efficient intervention programs to mitigate household air pollution of cave dwellings and protect health of those residents. Keywords Rural areas . Cave dwellings . Indoor and outdoor air . Energy type . PM2.5 exposure . Blood pressure
Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09677-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Meirong Zhao [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
2
Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
3
Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
4
Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
5
College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
Introduction Traditional solid fuels are still the dominant residential energy globally, and more than 2.8 billion people are still relying on these fuels for cooking and space heating activities (Amegah and Jaa
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