Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XVII

In 1969 the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) established the Committee on Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS). The subject of air pol- tion was from the start, one of the priority problems under study within the fra- work of various pilot studies

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Previous Volumes in this Mini-Series Volumes I – XII were included in the NATO Challenges of Modern Society Series Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application I Edited by C. De Wispelaere Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application II Edited by C. De Wispelaere Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application III Edited by C. De Wispelaere Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application IV Edited by C. De Wispelaere Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application V Edited by C. De Wispelaere, Francis A. Schiermeier, and Noor V. Gillani Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application VI Edited by Han van Dop Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application VII Edited by Han van Dop Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application VIII Edited by Han van Dop and Douw G. Steyn Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application IX Edited by Han van Dop and George Kallos Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application X Edited by Sven-Erik Gryning and Millán M. Millán Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XI Edited by Sven-Erik Gryning and Francis A. Schiermeier Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XII Edited by Sven-Erik Gryning and Nadine Chaumerliac Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XIII Edited by Sven-Erik Gryning and Ekaterina Batchvarova Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XIV Edited by Sven-Erik Gryning and Francis A. Schiermeier Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applicatin XV Edited by Carlos Borrego and Guy Schayes Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XVI Edited by Carlos Borrego and Selahattin Incecik

Edited by Carlos Borrego and Ann-Lise Norman

Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XVII

Carlos Borrego Department of Environment and Planning University of Aveiro Aveiro, Portugal PORTUGAL [email protected]

Ann-Lise Norman Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 CANADA [email protected]

Cover illustration: Photo Courtesy of Adolf Ebel Library of Congress Control Number: 2005939180 ISBN-10: 0-387-28255-6 ISBN-13: 978-0-387-28255-8

eISBN-10: 0-387-68854-4 eISBN-13: 978-0-387-68854-1

Printed on acid-free paper. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com

Preface

In 1969 the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) established the Committee on Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS). The subject of air pollution was from the star