Human microbiome: an academic update on human body site specific surveillance and its possible role
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Human microbiome: an academic update on human body site specific surveillance and its possible role Elakshi Dekaboruah1 · Mangesh Vasant Suryavanshi2 · Dixita Chettri1 · Anil Kumar Verma1 Received: 19 November 2019 / Revised: 26 May 2020 / Accepted: 28 May 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Human body is inhabited by vast number of microorganisms which form a complex ecological community and influence the human physiology, in the aspect of both health and diseases. These microbes show a relationship with the human immune system based on coevolution and, therefore, have a tremendous potential to contribute to the metabolic function, protection against the pathogen and in providing nutrients and energy. However, of these microbes, many carry out some functions that play a crucial role in the host physiology and may even cause diseases. The introduction of new molecular technologies such as transcriptomics, metagenomics and metabolomics has contributed to the upliftment on the findings of the microbiome linked to the humans in the recent past. These rapidly developing technologies are boosting our capacity to understand about the human body-associated microbiome and its association with the human health. The highlights of this review are inclusion of how to derive microbiome data and the interaction between human and associated microbiome to provide an insight on the role played by the microbiome in biological processes of the human body as well as the development of major human diseases. Keywords Human microbiome · Microbiota · Metagenomics · Metabolomics
Introduction The human microbiome is a complex aggregate of the microbes residing at various sites in the human body (Shreiner et al. 2015) and consisting of communities of a variety of microorganisms including Eukaryotes, Archaea, Bacteria, and the virus that reside in the different body habitat including the skin, the oral cavity, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, reproductive tract etc. (Sender et al. 2016; Shreiner et al. 2015). A microbiota is described as a community of microorganisms that resides in a distinct environment and the collection of entire genomic Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. Elakshi Dekaboruah and Mangesh Suryavanshi equally contributed to this work. * Anil Kumar Verma [email protected] 1
Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya Deemed to be University, Mangalore 575018, India
2
elements of a distinct microbiota is the microbiome. Earlier the microbiome was estimated to encode approximately 100fold more gene than the entire human genome but later it was studied to account for tenfolds (Sender et al. 2016). The Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg used the term microbiome to define the complex ecological communities of the symbiotic, commensal and pathogenic microorganisms residing the human body (Kilian et al. 2016). The development of various new technologies namely meta-transcriptom
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