Hydrochemistry and pollution probability of selected sites along the Euphrates River, Western Iraq
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Hydrochemistry and pollution probability of selected sites along the Euphrates River, Western Iraq Salih Muhammad Awadh & Rasol Muhamad Ahmed
Received: 13 October 2011 / Accepted: 8 February 2012 / Published online: 28 February 2012 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2012
Abstract The hydrochemistry of Euphrates River in the study area which extended from Hit to Al-Saqlawia was studied in order to determine the physical, chemical, and biological properties in addition to the radiation level. Thirty-one stations along the Euphrates River were chosen, 17 of them represented the Euphrates River itself, whereas the other stations are considered as point pollution sources which all empty their load directly in the Euphrates River with an average total discharge of 32 m3/s. Twenty-eight samples of the Euphrates water of both high- and low-flow periods were analyzed for cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+), anions (SO40, Cl−, CO30, HCO3−, NO3−, PO4−3), H2S boron, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, bacteriological tests, radiation levels in addition to physical parameters such as hydrogen number (pH), total dissolved solid, electrical conductivity, total suspended solid, and temperature. This study showed that the cations and anions during periods of high and low flows are within acceptable limit with exceptional Cl−. Hydrochemical formula during the high flow was Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4, then it changed into Na-Ca-Mg-HCO3SO4-Cl during the low-flow period. The average output cations and anions at downstream (Saqlawiya area) was relatively higher than those of input at upstream (Hit area); this attributed to the natural and anthropogenic activities originated S. M. Awadh (*) Earth Sciences Department, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq e-mail: [email protected] R. M. Ahmed Engineering Department, Ministry of Culture, Baghdad, Iraq
mainly from agricultural activity and population communities around the river. Radiation level for 212Pb, 214Pb, 40k, 220Ac, and 214Bi showed that the higher level of radiation is concentrated within sediment rather than in water, but the radiation in both is within acceptable limit. Keywords Hydrochemistry . Pollution . Agriculture . Water quality . Chemical parameters . Euphrates River
Introduction The Iraqi water resources suffered from severe pollution and unreasonable management policy adopted by the previous regime during the last 15 years. Both Tigris and Euphrates Rivers were subjected to continual disposal of industrial and irrigational wastes directly to the river without any type of monitoring (Al-Rizzo 2004). The Euphrates River in the study area passes through many villages, cities, populated communities, and agricultural lands in addition to the natural pollution points like sulfide spring waters in Hit area and human activities; all these are factors that influence the Euphrates River’s water quality. Hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the Euphrates River have been studied by many investigators. Banat et al. (1981) found that the concentratio
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