Principles and Applications of Hydrochemistry
The International Hydrological Decade (which ended in 1975) led to a revival of hydrological sciences to a degree which, seen in retrospect, is quite spectacular. This research programme had strong government support, no doubt due to an increased awarenes
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Principles and Applications of Hydrochemistry ERIK ERIKSSON Department of Hydrology Uppsala University, Sweden
LONDON NEW YORK
CHAPMAN AND HALL
First published in 1985 by Chapman and Hall Ltd 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Published in the USA by Chapman and Hall 29 West 35th Street, New York NY 10001
© 1985 Erik Eriksson Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8644-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-4836-5 DOl: 10.1 007/978-94-009-4836-5 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Eriksson, Erik Principles and applications of hydrochemistry. 1. .Fresh water-Analysis I. Title 551.48 QD142
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Eriksson, Erik, 1917Principles and applications of hydrochemistry. Bibliography: p. Indu4es index. 1. Water chemistry. I. Title. GB855.E83 1985 551.48 85-6618
Contents
Preface 1
page ix
Introduction
Principles of hydrochemistry Chemical concepts 2.1.1 Water as a chemical substance 2.1.2 Dissolution of chemical substances in water 2.1.3 Ionic exchange and sorption 2.1.4 Oxidation-reduction 2.1.5 Measures and units in hydrochemistry 2.2 Physical chemistry ,applied to natural waters 2.2.1 The law of mass action 2.2.2 The ionic product of water 2.2.3 Gas-liquid equilibria 2.2.4 Dissociation of weak acids 2.2.5 Liquid-solid equilibria 2.2.6 Oxidation-reduction equilibria
2 2.1
References Further reading
3 3.1
Chemical processes in the water cycle Deposition of soluble substances by rain and snow,fog and rime, and by 4ry deposition 3.1.1 Origin of dissolved substances in rain and snow 3.1.2 Composition of precipitation 3.1.3 Analysis of the data 3.1.4 Wet deposition 3.1.5 Deposition by fog and rime 3.1.6 Dry deposition
1
3 3 3 4 7 9 11 12 12 16 17 20 22 25 30 31
32
34 35 35 36 40 42 42
Contents
3.1.7 Exudation by vegetation 3.1.8 Deposition through leaching and decay of litter 3.1.9 Effects of human activity on deposition of chemical constituents
44
atmosphere-soil
49 52 53 53 55 55 57 57 62 62 63
3.2 Processes in the root zone in groundwater recharge areas 3.2.1 The root zone 3.2.2 Effects of evapotranspiration on dissolved salts 3.2.3 The oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, 3.2.4 Chemical weathering in the root zone 3.2.5 Effects of changing biological activity in the soil 3.2.6 Effects of water-logging
3.3 Processes in the intermediate zone 3.3.1 Definitions and hydrological concepts 3.3.2 Gas exchange, intermediate zone-root zone 3.3.3 Chemical reactions in the intermediate zone 3.3.4 Mineralogical zonation 3.4 Processes in the water saturated zone (groundwater) 3.4.1 The solid matrix of the saturated zone 3.4.2 Gas exchange between the intermediate zone and the saturated zone
3.4.3 Chemical reactions in the
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