Hydrological Assessment of River Henwal Using Water Quality Indices with Reference to Planktonic Composition
Henwal is a spring-fed river and a source of freshwater in Garhwal region, India. It is one of the important tributaries of River Ganga and its water is useful for irrigation and hydropower production. The purpose of this study was to check the pollution
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Abstract Henwal is a spring-fed river and a source of freshwater in Garhwal region, India. It is one of the important tributaries of River Ganga and its water is useful for irrigation and hydropower production. The purpose of this study was to check the pollution level in river water by using the comprehensive pollution index (CPI). The assessment of CPI was based on different hydrological parameters. CPI was found within the range of 2.11–4.66 which indicates that the river water was severely polluted. The diversity and density of different planktonic groups were also observed and found to be higher in at Jajal site. Blue-green algae dominate phytoplanktons, and Protozoa was dominant among zooplankton. It is recommended that pollution control practices should be adopted and planktonic composition should be monitored on a regular basis. Keywords River Henwal · River Ganga tributary · CPI · Planktons · Uttarakhand · Chamba · Simpson and Shannon–Weaver index
1 Introduction Freshwater is one of the key sources of survival of a living form on earth. Freshwater is the water with less than 0.5 per thousands of dissolved salts. On earth, the freshwater systems consist of rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, groundwater, cave water, springs, floodplains, wetlands, etc., completing the requirement of all the elements of nature available (Matta 2010). For humans, freshwater provides water from drinking to sanitation, agriculture, industry, transport, electricity generation and recreation, and many more (Matta and Kumar 2017a; Matta et al. 2017). For animals and plant species, these freshwater bodies are a source for drinking and also their habitat. River systems are the nervous system of the planet, pumping freshwater into wetlands and G. Matta (B) · A. Kumar Department of Zoology & Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar, India e-mail: [email protected] X. X. Lu Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 N. A. Siddiqui et al. (eds.), Advances in Water Pollution Monitoring and Control, Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9956-6_18
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lakes and out to sea. They are one of the major sources of nutrients flushing through aquatic ecosystems, helping the ecological cycle and ecosystems to sustain while keeping thousands of species alive, helping the fisheries industries of worth billions of dollars. For human civilization, freshwater is the major component for cities, farms, and factories (Matta et al. 2018a, b, c, d, e). India with approximately 4% of world’s freshwater, ranked among top ten waterrich countries, but according to the Working Group II report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Fourth Assessment designated India as “water stressed region”. Water demand is on a high with the rapid increase in population causing rapid urbanization and industrialization with modern demand for agriculture. In India, 14 major river systems
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