Assessment of spatial variations in water quality of Garra River at Shahjahanpur, Ganga Basin, India
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Assessment of spatial variations in water quality of Garra River at Shahjahanpur, Ganga Basin, India Mohd Yawar Ali Khan 1 & Babra Khan 2 & Govind Joseph Chakrapani 1
Received: 27 January 2016 / Accepted: 7 June 2016 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2016
Abstract Water pollution is one of the most significant problems in India. This problem of poor water quality is also faced by many Himalayan Rivers which flows through the Ganga Plains of India. Garra River, a tributary of the River Ganga, flows through major industrial areas of Shahjahanpur district of Uttar Pradesh and is one of the sources for supplying water for life, production, and irrigation especially in the dry season. It has faced water quality problems with industrial development and urban growth along the river. In this study, water quality along the total stretch of the river Garra in Shahjahanpur was analyzed on the basis of spatial variation, including various physicochemical characteristics. This takes into consideration the chemical and physical characteristics, as well as heavy metals. A correlation matrix was created, followed by PCA analysis to assess the data accuracy. The data was accurate and reliable, and the finding was then compared to existing WHO guidelines. The results established the existence of marked pollution along the Garra section in Shahjahanpur district, which can be accredited to wastewater discharges of urban and animal husbandry origin in particular.
Keywords Water quality . Garra River . Ganga River . Shahjahanpur . PCA This article is part of the Topical Collection on Water Resources in Arid Areas * Mohd Yawar Ali Khan [email protected]
1
Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
2
Department of Geography, Gandhi Faizam College, Rohilkhand University, Shahjahanpur 242001, India
Introduction Freshwater ecosystems play important roles for civilization through supporting (e.g., supply of clean water and water dispensation), provision (e.g., food and products), and cultural or enriching services (e.g., recreational and aesthetic) (Postal and Carpenter 1997; Covich et al. 2004). However, with the enlargement of farming and industry, the amount and magnitude of anthropogenic annoyance arising from countless human actions, including engineering, pollution, and overmistreatment of water resource that menace these services, was increasing hastily (Giller 2005; Postal and Carpenter 1997). Recently, in many parts of the world, one of the most burning environmental concerns is the quality of surface water. Water flowing through springs, streams, rivers, and creeks comprises surface water forming lakes, ponds, and oceans (Manahan 1993). Surface water pollution may harmfully influence human health and aquatic ecosystems and may also result in significant limitations in the consumption of water, for example, commercial fish farming, recreation, animal or human consumption, and industrial applications. The surface water quality has degraded with time. A large amo
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