Identification of Pathogens by Classical Clinical Tests
Since the recognition of bacteria as agents of human and animal disease, phenotypic methods have been used to identify them. From the time Roux first recognized curved gram negative rods in the stools of patients with cholera, microscopic examination of s
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Bacterial Growth and Colony Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 The Gram Stain and Microscopic Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Simple Phenotypic Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Useful Tests for the Identification of Aerobic Gram-Positive Cocci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Identification of Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Identification of Gram-Negative Cocci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Identification of Aerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . 69
another way of differentiating organisms. Simple phenotypic tests that detect a variety of enzymatic activities can be further used to identify bacteria. Detection of specific virulence factors such as protein exotoxins is another method used to detect bacterial pathogens. Some organisms are difficult or cannot be grown on artificial media. One method used in these instances is serology which tests the immune response to the organism. Once identified, the management of infection with these organisms remains. One of the keys to managing bacterial infections in patients and animals is to determine to what antimicrobials the causative agents are resistant. This is important because patients treated with antimicrobial agents to which their causative agents are resistant will likely not have a clinical response. These methods and more are the focus of this chapter on the conventional identification of clinically relevant bacteria.
Anaerobic Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Organisms That Do Not Gram Stain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Mycobacterium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Chlamydia trachomatis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Organisms That Are Detected Primarily by Serologic Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Detection of Microorganism Using Antigen Tests . . . . . . . 82 Detection of Clinically Important Bacterial Virulence Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Susceptibility Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Abstract Since the recognition of bacteria as agents of human and animal disease, phenotypic methods have been used to identify them. From the time Roux first recognized curved gram negative rods in the stools of patients with cholera, microscopic examination of stained clinical specimens and cultures have been proven to be a reliable and rapid means of preliminarily identifying organisms into specific gro
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