Image-Based Computational Modeling of the Human Circulatory and Pulmonary Systems
Image-Based Computational Modeling of the Human Circulatory and Pulmonary Systems provides an overview of the current modeling methods and applications enhancing interventional treatments and computer-aided surgery. A detailed description of the technique
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Native Human and Bioprosthetic Heart Valve Dynamics Hyunggun Kim, Jia Lu, and K.B. Chandran
Abstract Native human heart valves undergo complex deformation during a cardiac cycle and the tissue leaflets are subjected to regions of stress concentrations particularly during the opening and closing phases. Diseases of the heart valves include stenosis and valvular incompetence and the valves in the left heart (aortic and mitral valves) subjected to higher pressure loads are more prone to these diseases. A correlation has been established between regions of high stress concentration on the leaflets and regions of calcification and tissue failure. Computational simulations play a significant role in the determination of stress distribution on the leaflets during a cardiac cycle. In this chapter, the development of state-of-the-art structural analysis of the biological leaflet valves as well as fluid–structure interaction algorithms for the analysis of biological tissue valve dynamics are described. The potential application of the computational analyses on improving the design of biological heart valve prostheses is discussed. The need for further advancements in multiscale simulation for increasing our understanding of the effect of mechanical stresses on the leaflet microstructure is also pointed out.
11.1 Human Heart Valves The human circulatory system provides blood supply without interruption to the various organs in the body. Flowing blood transports nutrients, hormones, and gases for the metabolic needs of the cells, removes the waste products for excretion, and regulates the body temperature. The energy required for the maintenance of the blood flow is supplied by the contracting of the heart. The human heart consists of two pumps in series that maintain blood flow through the pulmonary and systemic K.B. Chandran (B) Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, 1138 Seamans Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA e-mail: [email protected]
K.B. Chandran et al. (eds.), Image-Based Computational Modeling of the Human Circulatory and Pulmonary Systems, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7350-4_11, C Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
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circulation. The right heart, the low-pressure pump, circulates the oxygen-depleted venous blood through the lungs where carbon dioxide is removed and the blood is replenished with oxygen from the air we breathe. The oxygenated blood returns to the left heart, the high-pressure pump that circulates blood through the systemic circulation, providing oxygen and nutrients to the cells through various tissues and organs in the body. Four heart valves ensure that the blood flows only in the forward direction by opening at the appropriate time during a cardiac cycle and closing efficiently to prevent backflow or regurgitation of the blood (Fig. 11.1).
Fig. 11.1 Opening and closing of the heart valves at the end of diastole and at the end of systole. The aortic and pulmonary valves are fully closed and the mitral and tric
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