Imaging as Tool to Investigate Psychoses and Antipsychotics
The results of imaging studies have played an important role in the formulation of hypotheses regarding the etiology of psychosis and schizophrenia, as well as in our understanding of the mechanisms of action of antipsychotics. Since this volume is primar
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Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Part I. Imaging as a Tool to Investigate Psychosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Imaging Studies on the Central Dopaminergic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Imaging Studies of Nondopaminergic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Part II. Receptor Imaging as a Tool to Investigate Antipsychotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 In Vivo Occupancy of Receptors by Antipsychotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Developments in the Field of Novel Antipsychotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract The results of imaging studies have played an important role in the formulation of hypotheses regarding the etiology of psychosis and schizophrenia, as well as in our understanding of the mechanisms of action of antipsychotics. Since this volume is primarily directed to molecular aspects of psychosis and antipsychotics, only the results of molecular imaging techniques addressing these topics will be discussed here. One of the most consistent findings of molecular imaging studies in schizophrenia is an increased uptake of DOPA in the striatum, which may be interpreted as an increased synthesis of L-DOPA. Also, several studies reported an increased release of dopamine induced by amphetamine in schizophrenia patients. These findings played an important role in reformulating the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. To study the roles of the neurotransmitters g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and
J. Booij (*) Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] T. van Amelsvoort Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands G. Gross and M.A. Geyer (eds.), Current Antipsychotics, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 212, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-25761-2_12, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
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glutamate in schizophrenia, SPECT as well as MR spectroscopy have been used. The results of preliminary SPECT studies are consistent with the hypothesis of NMDA receptor dysfunction in schizophrenia. Regarding the GABA deficit hypothesis of schizophrenia, imaging results are inconsistent. No changes in serotonin transporters were demonstrated in imag
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