Imaging of Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors
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GASTROINTESTINAL IMAGING (J OLPIN, SECTION EDITOR)
Imaging of Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors Jeffrey Olpin1 • Gabriel C. Fine1 • Akram Shaaban1
Accepted: 15 October 2020 / Published online: 11 November 2020 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a diverse group of neoplasms that arise from cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system. Neuroendocrine tumors occur throughout the gastrointestinal tract. These tumors can produce a variety of hormones resulting in specific symptoms that may aid in their detection and classification. While all NETs have malignant potential, these tumors vary in their biologic characteristics and potential for metastatic disease. Although several classification schemes for neuroendocrine tumors have been proposed, the World Health Organization classification is currently the most widely accepted that will be reviewed in this paper. Recent Findings Various imaging modalities and techniques have evolved in recent years, including both morphologic and functional imaging techniques that will be explored in this paper. Summary A thorough knowledge of the most recent classification schemes greatly aids radiologists in the assessment of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Appropriate application of both morphologic and This article is part of the Topical collection on Gastrointestinal Imaging. & Jeffrey Olpin [email protected] Gabriel C. Fine [email protected]
functional techniques is likewise essential for proper diagnosis and surveillance of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Keywords Neuroendocrine Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Gastrinoma Octreotide Netspot
Introduction The majority of neoplasms arising from the gastrointestinal tract are of endodermal origin, including adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinomas [1]. In contrast, gastrointestinal NETs are a diverse group of neoplasms that arise from cells derived from the embryonic neural crest, neuroectoderm and endoderm. Gastrointestinal NETs are relatively rare, accounting for only 1.5–2.0% of all gastrointestinal neoplasms [2]. Neuroendocrine cells are scattered in various organs throughout the body including the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tree, liver, lung, thymus, urethra and skin [3]. While tumors of neuroendocrine origin may involve many different organs containing these cells, the majority of these tumors occur within the gastroenteropancreatic axis [1]. There has been a substantial increase in the detection of these tumors over the past four decades, largely due to improvements in noninvasive diagnostic imaging and endoscopy. Accurate detection, characterization and staging are critical in optimizing management of gastrointestinal NETs.
Akram Shaaban [email protected] 1
Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 30 North 1900 East #1A71, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Epidemiology The incidence of ga
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