Imaging of oral biofilms
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Imaging of oral biofilms Janet Ajdaharian1 · Jae Ho Baek2,3,4 · Petra Wilder‑Smith1 Received: 18 June 2020 / Accepted: 16 September 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Oral biofilm is a primary determinant of oral health. Because clinical mapping of oral biofilm has been primarily restricted to macroscopic plaque staining techniques, additional means of assessing and quantifying oral biofilm in site at high levels of resolution are currently under development. This study addresses emerging optical imaging modalities for evaluating in vivo oral biofilm noninvasively. Desirable attributes include informing on variables that translate into clinical decision-making guidance to improve diagnosis, better treatment planning and outcomes, ease and speed of use, appropriate cost for the indicated setting, patient-friendly probes, and reliability. In addition, the principles behind optical approaches to imaging and characterizing oral biofilm, as well as their feasibility and applicability for imaging in situ are reviewed. The results include optical images of salivary pellicle and dental plaque including their inner structures. Ultimately, the results of this study can be used to develop clinical methods for preventing and intercepting oral diseases. Keywords Oral biofilm · Plaque · Noninvasive · Probe · Optical approach · Oral disease
Quick Reference/ Description Oral biofilm, typically known as dental plaque, is a major factor in the evaluation, establishment and maintenance of oral health. The current clinical methods for examination have limited ability to detect, map and characterize oral biofilms. Therefore, adjunctive imaging techniques for minimally invasive in vivo
* Jae Ho Baek [email protected] 1
Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
2
WeSmile Orthodontic Clinic, Ulsan, South Korea
3
Department of Orthodontics, Pusan National University Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
4
Department of Orthodontics, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, South Korea
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24
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Clinical Dentistry Reviewed
(2020) 4:24
evaluation and quantification of oral biofilms at higher resolution are required for clinical mapping and characterization of the biofilms.
Overview
Imaging modalities
Indications
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)
- High-resolution imaging of a biofilm for intra-oral analysis
Two photon and multiphoton microscopy (MPM) - To image and reveal the microstructure of oral biofilms and calculus - To overcome some of the major disadvantages of conventional CLSM Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
- To provide microstructural information of the biofilm - Analysis of the electronic properties of a specimen surface at an atomic resolution level - Elucidate the nanoscale morphology of bacteria within biofilms - Association of nano-indentation techniques and AFM can facilitate the detection and characterization of salivary pellicle - To image unstained macromolecular structures in fixed and living cells
Light sheet fluores
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