Shifts in Composition and Activity of Oral Biofilms After Fluoride Exposure
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HUMAN MICROBIOME
Shifts in Composition and Activity of Oral Biofilms After Fluoride Exposure A. López-López 1,2 & A. Mira 1,2 Received: 25 March 2020 / Accepted: 24 May 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Oral diseases are biofilm-mediated diseases caused by imbalances in the ecology of resident microflora. Among them, dental caries (tooth decay) is considered the most common disease worldwide, and toothbrushing, which physically eliminates the oral biofilm, is the most widespread prevention strategy. Although it is well established that fluoride increases enamel resistance to acidic pH and promotes tooth remineralization, its effect on the biofilm bacterial communities’ composition and metabolism is not fully understood. We have grown in vitro oral biofilms and used 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing to study the effect of fluoride on DNA- and RNA-based bacterial populations. In addition, a metatranscriptomic approach has also been performed, in which total RNA has been sequenced to study gene expression profiles in the presence/absence of 500 ppm sodium fluoride. Our data show a lower pH drop and a clear shift in total and metabolically active bacterial composition after fluoride exposure. Streptococcus oralis was the species most affected, with a 10-fold reduction in both DNA and RNA samples, whereas Rothia mucilaginosa underwent an 8-fold increase in the DNA and S. salivarius a 4- and 5-fold increase in the RNA and DNA samples, respectively. The metatranscriptomes indicated that fluoride exposure induced a dramatic shutdown of sugar metabolism, including significant under-expression of different sugar transporters, fucosidases, and a pyruvate oxidase, among others. The reduction in saccharolytic organisms and the inhibition of sugar fermentation pathways by fluoride may therefore be considered instrumental for the beneficial effect of fluoride-containing oral hygiene products. Keywords Dental caries . Fluoride . High-throughput sequencing . Biofilm composition . Differential gene expression
Introduction The oral cavity harbors hundreds of microbial species that are present either as planktonic cells or incorporated into biofilms [1]. Biofilm formation is an essential virulence trait associated with many human infections, and in the oral environment, these polymicrobial structures can cause a wide range of oral diseases and even increase the risk for some systemic diseases Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-020-01531-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * A. Mira [email protected] 1
Department of Health & Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Avda. Cataluña 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
2
CIBER Centre on Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
and conditions [2]. In the oral cavity, dental caries is the most common biofilm-mediated disease and is the consequence of a bacterial dysbiosis in which acidogenic and acid-tolerati
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