Biofilms of Microplastics
The occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in the terrestrial and marine environment has been gaining global attention. These microparticles carry biofilm communities that are distinct from the surrounding environment. MP-colonizing microorganisms are importan
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Formation and Development of Biofilms on the Surfaces of Microplastics 2.1 Major Stages of Biofilm Formation 2.2 Factors Affecting Biofilm Formation on Microplastics 3 Methodology of Microplastic-Associated Biofilm Research 3.1 Scanning Electronic Microscopy 3.2 Crystal Violet Staining 3.3 Laser Confocal Scanning Microscopy 3.4 Flow Cytometry Combined with viSNE 3.5 DNA Extraction and High-Throughput Sequencing 4 Biofilms on Plastic Surfaces and Their Physicochemical Implications 4.1 Weathering 4.2 Vertical Transport 4.3 Transport of Plastic-Associated Pollutants Through Biofilms 5 Biofilms on Plastic Surfaces and Their Biological Effects 5.1 Microbial Community Structure 5.2 Trophic Transfer 5.3 Toxicity and Adverse Effects 5.4 Biodegradation References
Abstract The occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in the terrestrial and marine environment has been gaining global attention. These microparticles carry biofilm
C. Tu, Q. Zhou, C. Zhang, and Y. Liu CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China Y. Luo (*) CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Defu He and Yongming Luo (eds.), Microplastics in Terrestrial Environments - Emerging Contaminants and Major Challenges, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_461, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
C. Tu et al.
communities that are distinct from the surrounding environment. MP-colonizing microorganisms are important links for the fate of MPs in different ecosystems. However, the influence of plastic-colonizing microorganisms on the fate of microplastics is largely unknown. Here we review the formation of biofilms and dynamic variation on the surfaces of microplastics together with the main research methodologies for biofilm analysis. The potential impacts of biofilm formation on the environmental fate of microplastics caused by MP-colonizing microorganisms such as weathering processes, vertical transport, sorption and release of contaminants, trophic transfer of MP particles, and potential environmental toxicity of MPs in the marine ecosystem are also reviewed. Future studies are needed on the processes and mechanisms of microplastic and biofilm interactions in the terrestrial environment. Keywords Biodegradation, Biofilms, Extracellular polymeric substances, Microplastics, Toxicity, Vertical transport, Weathering
1 Introduction According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), biofilms are defined as aggregates of microorganisms in which cells that are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) adhere to each other and/or to a surface. Biofilms may form on living o
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