Immobilisation of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Nickel in Soil Using Nano Zerovalent Iron Particles: Ageing Effect on Heavy
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Immobilisation of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Nickel in Soil Using Nano Zerovalent Iron Particles: Ageing Effect on Heavy Metal Retention Saulius Vasarevičius & Vaidotas Danila Januševičius
&
Tomas
Received: 10 May 2020 / Accepted: 14 September 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) is one of the most widely used nanotechnologies in soil remediation, but its long-term performance can be limited due to its high reactivity and rapid ageing. The aim of this study was to compare the immobilisation of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb in artificially contaminated soil samples using nZVI and to evaluate their retention over a 1-year period. Single-metal-contaminated soil samples were amended using 0–1.05% of nZVI. Leaching, using CaCl2 solution and a sequential extraction procedure, was performed to evaluate the immobilisation efficiency and fractionation of heavy metals before and after ageing. The results of the extractions showed that the application of nZVI initially reduced the exchangeable fraction of all heavy metals. The greatest immobilisation efficiency was achieved for Cu. The retention of heavy metals by nZVI was studied by constantly humidifying soil samples for a 12-month period. The results showed that over this S. Vasarevičius : V. Danila (*) Department of Environmental Protection and Water Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania e-mail: [email protected]
S. Vasarevičius e-mail: [email protected] T. Januševičius Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania e-mail: [email protected]
period, the efficiency of nZVI treatment decreased, due to the decrease in the amount of reactive iron oxides in soil samples. Retention of immobilised heavy metals by nZVI strongly depended on their ionic radius. The highest retention results were obtained for Cu and Ni, whereas the lowest results were obtained for Cd and Pb. Keywords Ageing . Heavy metals . Ferrihydrite . Immobilisation . Crystalline iron oxides
1 Introduction Soil contamination with heavy metals is a major environmental problem (Jiang et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2016; Makaras et al. 2019; Mohamadiun et al. 2018). Bioavailable heavy metals in contaminated soils can migrate through soil pore water entering plants or groundwater and thus pose a great risk to human health (Zhang et al. 2012). Immobilisation is one of the most common soil remediation techniques used to reduce heavy metal mobility and bioavailability (Kumpiene et al. 2008). More recently, various nanotechnologies have been increasingly used to remediate contaminated sites (Gong et al. 2012; Liu and Zhao 2007). Nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) particles are one of the most widely used nanotechnologies in water and soil remediation, since iron (Fe) is an abundant and non-toxic element (Jiang et al. 2018; Pan and Xing 2012). nZVI has been reported to be effective in removing various inorganic pollutants from wa
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