Immobilization of laccases and applications for the detection and remediation of pollutants: a review
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REVIEW
Immobilization of laccases and applications for the detection and remediation of pollutants: a review Saptashwa Datta1 · R. Veena1 · Melvin S. Samuel2 · Ethiraj Selvarajan1 Received: 24 May 2020 / Accepted: 19 August 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Laccases are multi-copper oxidase enzymes produced by living organisms such as bacteria, fungi and plants. Laccases are widely used by the industry because laccases are abundant and highly efficient. Laccases isolated from microbial sources are less stable and less active. To improve their kinetic properties and reusability, laccases have been immobilized on various supports. Immobilized laccases have been widely used for remediation such as the degradation of phenols and resistant dyes. Here we review the methods of immobilization of laccases, nanomaterials used for immobilization and applications for the detection and degradation of pollutants. Keywords Laccase · Nanomaterials · Immobilization · Environmental remediation · Biosensor Abbreviations EE Encapsulation efficiency GAC Granular activated carbon SBA Santa Barbara amorphous-type material PVP Polyvinylpropylidone Cu-NP Copper nanoparticles RA Residual activity CR Catalytic response NA/NG Not applicable/not given MOF Metal–organic framework rGO Graphene oxide FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy CNT Carbon nanotubes CNT–CS Carbon nanotube–chitosan composite EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid Au-NP’s Gold nanoparticles ABTS 2,2′-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthaiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) ZIF-8 Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 * Ethiraj Selvarajan [email protected] 1
Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, College of Engineering and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
2
MWNT Multi-walled nanotubes SWNT Single-walled nanotubes
Introduction Environmental pollution is a major growing problem in the modern world. Land and water pollutants are major contributors to reducing the quality of life by adversely affecting human health (Datta et al. 2020a). Various degradationresistant dyes (Samuel et al. 2020a, b) and halogenated phenolic compounds are responsible for both soil and water pollution. Water pollution and habitat degradation are the cause of increasing water scarcity and decline in aquatic biodiversity (Zhu et al. 2020). Enzymatic methods disclose a new prospect to treat waste streams comprising of intractable organic pollutants. Enzymes are efficient catalysts which have been employed in various fields ranging from biomedical therapy (Datta et al. 2020b; Gopinath et al. 2020) to environmental remediation (Datta et al. 2020a). Enzymatic degradation of pollutants present in various waste has become an essential part of many sectors due to its efficiency, lower toxicity and better availability (Karigar and Rao 2011). Laccase is an enzyme that has been predom
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