Occurrence, fate, persistence and remediation of caffeine: a review
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WATER ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND STATE OF THE ART TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Occurrence, fate, persistence and remediation of caffeine: a review Girish Korekar 1 & Anupama Kumar 1 & Chetna Ugale 2
# Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have gained attention in recent years due to their continuous discharge in natural waters. Their persistence in the environment has impacted flora, fauna and human being worldwide. One of the most common PPCPs is caffeine (1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine) which acts as a stimulant to the central nervous system in humans and is found in nature in about 60 plant species, especially in coffee, tea and cacao plants. Here we discuss the evidence with respect to caffeine occurrence, its persistence and remediation in light of increasing knowledge and the impact of caffeine on the environment. Daily intake of caffeine around the world is found to increase due to the frequent introduction of new caffeinated beverages as well as increased consumption of coffee, tea and carbonated soft drinks, which has led to increase in its concentration in water bodies including agricultural soil. The caffeine concentration in different water system, studied by various authors is also described. Diverse effects of the use of caffeine on several organisms including humans are also briefly presented. Therefore, urgent attention for the removal of caffeine and its derivatives is the need of the hour. Various methods described in literature for caffeine degradation/removal is also presented. Another widely used technique in environmental remediation is molecular imprinting (MIP); however, only few MIPs have been demonstrated for caffeine which is also discussed. Regular monitoring can be useful to control toxic effects of caffeine. Keywords Caffeine . 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine . Consumption . Toxicity . Remediation . Caffeine separation and removal . Molecular imprinting
Introduction Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have gained great attention in recent years due to their continuous discharge in natural waters (Bruton et al. 2010; Archana et al. 2017) and have been widely detected in the environment worldwide (Bruton et al. 2010; Deo 2014; Sun et al. 2016a; Responsible editor: Ester Heath Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06998-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Anupama Kumar [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010, India
2
Department of Botany, Indira Mahavidyalaya Kalamb, Dist. Yavatmal, Maharashtra 445401, India
Archana et al. 2017; Gros et al. 2017; Li et al. 2017; Dafouz et al. 2018). PPCPs generally enter the environment through sewage treatment, due to the inefficiency of the sewage treatment plants (Bruton et al. 2010; Deo 2014); and their impact on aquatic organisms (Christens
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